Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik最新文献

{"title":"PRACTICES OF OBLIGATING THE PEOPLES OF SIBERIA BY THE OATH OF ALLEGIANCE IN THE 17TH CENTURY","authors":"V. Slugina","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-92-100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-92-100","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the 17th century, Russia’s central government ordered the peoples of Siberia to swear oaths of allegiance (shert’). The oath text determines that the one who takes the oath becomes a subject of the Russian monarch. The government appealed to the oath in case of conflicts with the peoples of Siberia or for avoiding such conflicts in negotiations. The Siberian peoples had to renew their oath whenever the tsar changed (and the nomadic peoples of Siberia had to renew their oath whenever their leader changed as well). The government also called on the oath when replacing governors in Russian towns, for which it introduced a special procedure — the proclamation of the “grand sovereign word”, or when negotiating with “traitors” (participants of armed rebellions and escapes of Siberian natives from their lands to territories beyond the control of Russia’s authorities). The return to peaceful conditions of coexistence was realized through renewing the oath. The author found that, by the second half of the 17th century, both sides of political communication — representatives of the tsarist administration and Siberian foreigners — have developed stable tactics regarding the procedures for the renewal of oaths, but they interpreted the meaning of the oaths in different ways.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REQUIEM FOR THE STATE — SOCIETY PARADIGM","authors":"Claudio Ingerflom","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-74-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-74-83","url":null,"abstract":"R. Koselleck laid down and developed the foundations of understanding history as a process in the plural. Begriffsgeschichte is not just a history of concepts. Conceptual history suggests research work, which is based on the theory of historical times and vice versa, the theory, constantly tested by specific historical research. From these positions, the author of this article emphasizes the irrelevance of the evolutionist and teleological paradigms used within the framework of the positivist approach to studying history. It is noted that already from the first third of the 19th century the study of the history of each country was carried out in the context of the “state — society” opposition. This led to the transformation of the concepts formed in the era of modernity into analytical categories for reading earlier sources and modern interpretation of the distant past. There are two reasons for the existence of such a view of history: 1) political — aimed at artificially creating a long genealogy of the state, which was used by dictatorial regimes that want to give themselves a strong historical legitimacy; 2) epistemological, which is the result of an incorrect identification of word and concept. This confusion is based on the assumption that words represent ideas which contain a permanent semantic core, that is, ideas can adapt to change, but the core does not change. This attitude, according to the author, leads to a cognitive impasse. A vivid illustration of this situation is the use of the phrases “feudal state” or “state of the Middle Ages”, in the time of which the very word state (estado, état) meant “dignity”, “status” and could have other connotations, but did not have the meaning it acquired when it became a concept meaning a legal and political order based on popular sovereignty, representation, equality and other phenomena born of the French Revolution. In Russia, the meaning of the concept of “state” changed at the end of the 18th century with the simultaneous coexistence of the previous patrimonialist semantics inherent in both the term “sovereign” and the actual functioning of the Russian Imperial system. This traditional semantics was also present in the 20th century both in the imperial family and among the people. Consequently, the historian must take into account both the repeatability of structures and the uniqueness of events. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to identify the coexistence of different temporalities, the modernity of what is not modern, and to avoid division into diachrony and synchrony. It is this approach that best reflects the main heuristic value of Koselleck’s theory of historical times for concrete historical research.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROCESSES OF MODERNIZATION AND INTEGRATION OF ADMINISTRATION IN THE MULTI-ETHNIC SOUTHEASTERN PERIPHERY OF “ZEMSTVO” RUSSIA","authors":"L. M. Artamonova","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-192-195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-192-195","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69595669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“A TERRIBLE DREAM” ABOUT THE FUTURE AS A VARIANT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORY","authors":"T. Avtukhovich","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-96-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-96-104","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding of alternative models of the historical process and different variants of the development of events has become a sign of modern humanities including fiction. The article examines the post-apocalyptic works by D. Glukhovsky* and V. Martinovich, in which undesirable variants of the development of history are presented on the basis of extrapolation of negative trends of modernity into the future. The question is raised that both writers are united by their attention to the traditional topic for fantastic literature — namely of testing ideas, but in projection on the relevant for the 20th–21st centuries problem of language in its influence on the biological/anthropological nature of man. The relevance of this problem is due to the fact that modern civilization is experiencing a conflict of languages symbolically described in the biblical story about the construction of the Tower of Babylon — a conflict of heterogeneous philosophical, ideological, religious views and values, which is aggravated by information pressure. The purpose of the article — to identify similarities and differences in the approaches of writers to understanding this problem — determines the hypothesis and methodology of the study: the combination of genre analysis, hermeneutical and sociological approaches is designed to show the influence of national literary and cultural traditions on the understanding of modern problems. Based on the analysis of genre specifics and plot organization of novels, the possibility of their double reading is determined — as works of mass literature and as a reflection of the writers’ speculation on current philosophical concepts and negative scenarios of the development of history. It is shown that D. Glukhovsky* considers the problem of language as an inability to communicate with the future (“Metro 2033”), as a loss of subjectivity under the influence of information flows (“Twilight”) and the release of aggression (“Post”). V. Martinovich considers language as a code defining national identity and a condition for the existence of a nation (“Mova 墨瓦”), raises the question that the Internet era has formed a new anthropological variety — “an inactive person” who is unable to find a way out of any situation without prompting search engines on the Internet (“Night”).","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69596021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"METALLIC ORE RESOURCES IN THE ITKUL CULTURE OF THE MIDDLE TRANS-URALS DURING THE EARLY IRON AGE","authors":"D. Artemyev, I. Stepanov, P. Ankusheva","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-55-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-55-68","url":null,"abstract":"The paper addresses the question of ore resources (occurrences and deposits) exploited by the Early Iron Age metallurgists of the Itkul culture in the middle Urals. The main method of the study was the analysis of geological maps and reports, and the analysis of the correlation between the identified ore occurrences and the Itkul culture metal production centers. The results of the study reveal a relationship between the location of the Itkul culture settlement clusters and various types of copper ore (VMS, skarn and stratiform) and iron ore (infiltration and sedimentary ironstone) deposits, which could have been exploited for copper, and iron metallurgy in antiquity. We suggest that the primary smelting of copper ore was performed only in clusters: Polevskoy, Itkulsky, Isetsky and Irtyashsky. The use of ironstone ores is attested in copper metallurgy, where they were added into the charge as fluxes to reduce the viscosity of the slag melt and more efficiently extract copper from the ore. The Itkul metallurgical settlements seem also to have direct evidence of iron smelting. The ironstone deposits of infiltration-sedimentary type, common in the middle Trans-Urals, were apparently one of the main ore sources used. The provided geological maps showing the location of the possible iron and copper metallic resources make it possible to localize areas having the potential for finding new archaeological evidence of ancient mining and primary metallurgical operations. Based on these data, the first early Iron Age iron ore mine was discovered in the Urals.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69596096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FLOODS IN WESTERN SIBERIA IN THE CONTEXT OF NATURAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP (18TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY)","authors":"S. Turov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-109-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-109-115","url":null,"abstract":"In terms of scale and devastating consequences, floods are the most dangerous thing among natural disasters. The article is an attempt to assess their impact on the settlements and economic development in the Ob-Irtysh river system within the West Siberian region in the 18th — early 20th centuries. Floods which had high waters were associated with spring floods, but the water could not subside until the fall or even before the ice break. There were also catastrophic ones with a very high level. In addition, some complications such as long high-water cycles accrued at the time when the level and frequency of flooding increased. During severe and catastrophic floods settlements and agricultural land were flooded, livestock died, houses and outbuildings were destroyed or rendered unusable, and communication routes were interrupted for a long time. In the north of the region (Lower Ob region) during catastrophic floods, fishing trade was almost stopped and the opportunities for cattle breeding in the flooded floodplain were sharply reduced. Floodplain agriculture fell into decay during high-water cycles in the southern boreal forest area. The population of coastal areas tried to protect themselves from flooding with storage dams, but they were not built everywhere and often could not withstand the pressure of water. The only effective means of flood defense was relocation to high river banks. Therefore, the floods in 1912 and 1914 years provoked the relocation of the Irtysh River low-cost residents of the Tobolsk province. The authorities facilitated this relocation. Assistance was provided to flood victims, even though not so often. In these conditions, the population often had to rely only on themselves and God’s help. Thus, for example, in the city of Berezov the cult of St. Epiphanius was formed. On his Memorial Day people asked the higher forces for help in eliminating the consequences of the flood. But the most effective tool in combating floods was folk natural science knowledge. Over the long history of life on the river, the Russian population has developed omens, which helped them to judge the level of the upcoming flood. Among the enlightened part of the local population, there were ideas about the cyclical nature of catastrophic floods.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE BAIKAL COUNTER-VERSION AND SOVIET SCIENCE EXPERTISE: A HISTORY OF ONE SEISMOLOGICAL DISPUTE (1962–1963)","authors":"M. Piskunov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-78-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-78-87","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines some beginning events of the Baikal discussion using the STS approach. The author addresses the disputes about seismicity of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (PP M) and Selenga Paper Mill sites in 1962–1963 to identify the specifics of Soviet expertise and the role of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences as an expert. In February, 1962, the Siberian Branch approached the Council of Ministers of the USSR with the proposal to reject the construction of pulp and paper mills on Baikal because of the increased seismic hazard of the selected sites. The scientists of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences defined the latter as 10 points, after which the State Construction Committee banned further construction of the Baikal PP M until this circumstance was clarified. Finally, the government commission and additional construction experts estimated the sites of both plants at 9 points. The attempt of the Siberian Branch to challenge this conclusion was not successful. The author reconstructs the events of this counter-version and concludes that in the sphere of expertise the political moment of the Baikal discussion manifested itself not in the positions of the parties and not even in their arguments, but in the ability of government institutions to determine when the discussion was possible and when it should have stopped.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE IMAGE OF WATER BIRDS AND CLAY WEIGHTS IN THE EARLY METAL AGE CULTURES OF THE TRANS-URALS: IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP?","authors":"V. A. Zakh","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-149-160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-149-160","url":null,"abstract":"Bearers of several cultures, such as Lipchinsk, Shapkul, Bairik, Andreevo, Tashkov, and Koptyakov cultures, lived in the Trans-Urals during the Early Metal Age. Later, cultures of the Late Bronze Age formed there. Items ornamented with floating birds have been found among the ceramics of some of these cultures. At the same time, clayware considered to be sinkers for fishing nets has been identified among the equipment of all these cultures. Items within this category are characterized by the following weight ranges: biconical — 7.9–128.4 g, cigar-shaped — 5.7–70 g, with bifurcated ends — 45.9–62.6 g. The Late Bronze sub-rectangular items weigh 29−177 g. We assume that, according to their weights, the Late Bronze sinkers were definitely used for fishing nets. The Early Metal Age sinkers of are generally lighter. We suggest that they could be used more effectively in the open air. In addition, we assume that those items are related to petroglyphs of waterfowl and their images on dishes. The sinkers might have been designed not only for fishing nets or seines. As a matter of fact, the areas with images of birds and ceramic sinkers coincide but not so many sinkers have been found in adjacent territories. It can possibly indicate that they were used in the open air in fenced traps (such as wattled meshy traps) designed for driven hunt for molting bird.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE ROLE OF NEPHELINE IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF THE KHIBINY MOUNTAINS","authors":"Andy Bruno","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-97-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-97-105","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the history of industrial pollution in the Khibiny Mountains on the Kola Peninsula during the Soviet period from the stance of a specific pollutant. Nepheline was a byproduct of the phosphate fertilizer industry based on apatite extraction and enrichment. It first served as inspiration for quasi-conservationist schemes to eliminate industrial wastes, including the development of the idea of the complex utilization of natural resources by geochemist Alexander Fersman. Soviet industrialists in the Khibiny Mountains thought that they could expand production and eliminate pollution by completely using all byproducts of economic activities. But nepheline proved more difficult to manage and control than they had expected. Over the decades nepheline became a chief source of environmental pollution in the region, especially its rivers and lakes. As phosphate production in the Khibiny Mountains grew dramatically, the recycling of extracted nepheline failed to keep pace and instead brought about negative environmental consequences. By tracing this material and efforts to manage it, the article shows how human engagement with physical elements of the natural world affected what the Soviet system tried to and was able to accomplish. It offers a different perspective on the two-sided role that an industrial byproduct can play in the environmental history of a region: one that puts the materials of production at the center of the account.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INEQUALITY IN AN EARLY 20TH CENTURY SIBERIAN CITY ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF POPULATION REGISTRATION FOR THE APARTMENT TAX CALCULATION (BARNAUL, 1910)","authors":"A. Kirillov, Matvey D. Sorokin","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-16-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-16-26","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of inequality of the late imperial Russia population is studied for the first time on the materials of “Statements of homeowners for the apartment tax”. The source contains primary data for the city of Barnaul for 1910 on the cost of rent for homeowners and tenants, both for wealthy citizens (subject for taxation) and the poor (exempt from the tax). The decile coefficient of inequality was 8.6. Taking into account the specific features of the source, one should think that the indicator of income inequality of the Barnaul population was even higher. Comparison of decile coefficients, as well as the absolute size of the house rental cost, for different groups of the Barnaul population made it possible to conclude that inequality is interconnected with two important features of the urban life. First, the decile coefficient of inequality among immigrants turned out to be much lower than among those assigned to the city. Second, the groups of homeowners and tenants, by contrast, were similar in terms of the decile coefficient of inequality, but significantly different in terms of the average house rental cost. The study provides new statistical data for discussing the problem of inequality in the early 20th century Russia, introduces into circulation previously unused characteristics of the urban society of that period and opens up the possibility of comparing different cities on the basis of sources newly introduced into scientific circulation.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}