Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik最新文献

{"title":"VERTICAL BURIALS OF NORTHERN EURASIA","authors":"Viktor A. Zakh","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-82-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-82-92","url":null,"abstract":"At this point, eight burials with vertically positioned bodies in the burial chamber are known in Northern Eurasia from Central Europe to the eastern border of Western Siberia. There is one “stand up” burial at each of the following sites: near the village of Zarechnoe on the Ina River in the Ob River area, in the Tobol River area near the village of Pegan, at Ust-Aleika 5 burial ground on the Upper Ob River, and Central Europe, 80 km north of Berlin. The remains of four burials are known at Oleniy Ostrov burial ground on Lake Onega. Vertical burial grounds are characterized by some significant peculiarities. Bones of a child from Ust-Aleika 5 necropolis, female bones from Zarechnoe 1 burial ground, and, probably, from the burial near the village of Pegan were found in anatomical order. Female burial № 68 at Oleniy Ostrov burial ground can be considered vertical, too. The deceased was buried standing up there. A burial of a man in an upright position was found at a burial ground in Groß Fredenwalde. Biting marks and mixed condition of the bones reliably indicate that the upper part of the grave pit was open for some time. Accordingly, we can assume a similar rite (with the upper part of the grave opened) at burial № 68 and diagonal burials № 100, 123, and 125 at Oleniy Ostrov burial ground. Considering relatively sparse funerary equipment in vertical burials, an almost total absence of sculptural images, which, in our opinion, are more typical of shaman burials, and, probably, the practice of building half-open graves, we can assume that the deceased buried in “stand up” burials were not shamans. They were apparently revered according to the religious code in a special way due to certain mental or physical abilities or shortcomings, which is indicated by the example of a child with hydrocephalus from Ust-Aleika 5 burial ground. The vertically buried bodies were likely to serve as a kind of “guardians” at the necropolises, as evidenced by the burial at Groß Fredenwalde that was half-opened for some time, and, possibly, by the burials on Oleniy Ostrov.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"125 19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135698910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE “MOSQUITO SHAMAN’S” SONG-SPELL (BLOOD-SUCKING INSECTS IN THE CULTURE OF THE NENETS AND OB UGRIANS)","authors":"E. Perevalova","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-104-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-104-113","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the attitude of the Nenets and Ob Ugrians to blood-sucking insects. Winged (mosquito, midge, woodlouse, gadfly) and wingless (louse) blood-sucking insects are considered by the Nenets and Ob Ugrians as belonging to the Lower World. In folklore, their appearance is associated with the witch Parne and other representatives of the dark worlds (dungeons, forest thickets, water depths), whose ashes turn into midges and are carried by the wind. The mosquito years are a living hell for the inhabitants of the tundra and taiga. The description of meetings with bloodsuckers is close to the rhetoric of war. At the same time, they turn out to be similar to a person in their behavior and appearance (they wear fur and iron clothes), but folklore also emphasizes their otherness, contains indications of ethnic opposites (for example, comparison with hostile neighbors). In the view of the forest Nenets, the song-spell performed annually with the rite of sacrifice to the “mosquito shaman” makes it possible to somehow influence on the number of insects flying out during the flowering of the vermilion. It is believed that the Nenets shamans, whose costumes were decorated with metal castings of insects (gadflies and their larvae), were able to regulate blood-sucking insects, annoying people and deer. Archaeological finds in the north of Western Siberia of metal figurines of blood-sucking insects indicate the antiquity of a special attitude towards them. We can talk about a wider inclusion of blood-sucking insects in the structure of the universe of the Samoyeds than among the Ob Ugrians (the names of the summer months, the existence of the genus Nenyang (Mosquito), a folklore plot with the punishment of a person for disrespectful attitude, the use of images as spirits-assistants of shamans and in the funeral rite). At the same time, the wide distribution of various folklore plots with the participation of insects among the Ob Ugrians and the findings of figurines of gadflies (ranked as blood-sucking) at the archaeological sites of the Lower Ob region suggests that this is a rather ancient layer of the culture of the population of Western Siberia.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69596132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“WE’LL KILL THE CLASSES”: CELEBRATING THE ANNIVERSARIES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY OCTOBER AND LEGITIMIZING VIOLENCE DURING THE CIVIL WAR","authors":"K. Godunov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-167-175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-167-175","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of cultural mechanisms of legitimization of violence during the period of the Russian Civil War is central for the author. The article, based on the materials of the history of the festivals of the Day of the Proletarian Revolution, examines how the culture of revolutionary violence manifested itself in the festive culture of the Civil War period. Based on the study of festive telegrams to Soviet leaders, newspapers, visual materials, the author shows how the theme of violence was reflected in the rhetoric, symbolism, in the elements of the emerging festive ritual (first of all, in the rites of symbolic executions of the revolution enemies). It is concluded that the festival was an important tool for legitimizing revolutionary violence. The article investigates symbols, ceremonies, rituals aestheticizing the phenomenon of violence, making it visible and comprehensible for the masses of the people. It also examines how the class discourse manifested itself in the celebrations (in particular, anti-bourgeois rhetoric), analyzes the features of the romanticization and sacralization of terror, which was especially important in the situation of the discussion about the red terror and the powers of the Cheka. At the same time, it concludes that the rhetoric and elements of the festive ritual were largely inherited by the organizers of the celebrations, who were in the field of influence of the culture of violence that developed before October 1917. Further study is needed into the cultural background, specific psychological atmosphere, and political culture which made the Civil War possible and which was not always directly linked to the Bolsheviks’ actions.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69596705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SOVIET “SHARASHKAS” IN THE EARLY 1930S: REASONS, INSTITUTIONS, PERSONS","authors":"S. Krasilnikov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-74-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-74-83","url":null,"abstract":"The problematic field of such a specific segment of forced labor as specialist design, technical departments and project bureaus which were created and operated under the OGPU auspices in the first half of the 1930s requires reinterpretation of its canonical research approaches. The paper considers the specific factors of the emergence of “sharashkas” network as an institutional manifestation and the result of stepped-up conservative subordination and forced exploitation by the Stalinist regime of the intellectual potential of the brainpower. The evolvement of the Special Bureaus was the embodiment of the basic characteristics of a mobilization-type campaign (the construct of “sabotage”, extraordinary measures of implementation, extensity, resource intensiveness, strife, unintended consequences). Throughout 1930–1934 imprisoned specialists became an object, a special accounting category and a target group for bureaucratic inter-agency negotiating between security and economic departments, and their deliverables were expropriated. The paradox of the full regime dependence of specialists on chekists and the inverse dependence of the latter on the results of the prisoners’ activities is observed. It is concluded that the established hybrid institution of regime labor comprised of all types of coexisting labor activity — service, compulsory, mobilization, forced — had no functional stability, prospects and capacity for selfdevelopment. An exception was the considered case of the creation of Design Bureau № 11 initiated by L. K. Ramzin, rearranged in 1934 into the Bureau of once-through boiler construction, which worked until the end of the Stalin era.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69597536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MILITARY-PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE URALS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR","authors":"Andrey V. Speransky","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-84-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-84-92","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyses forms and methods of military-patriotic education of students of higher educational institutions in the Urals during the Great Patriotic War. It shows that educational system operating during the war period was based on the historical traditions of Russian patriotism, which repeatedly contributed to the unity of society and achievement of victory over the enemy. When analyzing the educational process aimed at raising the level of patriotic consciousness of students, the main emphasis is placed on the characteristics of military, physical, ideological and theoretical training of high school students, as well as on their practical participation in mass political activities that united all the efforts of the people fighting Nazism to achieve the main goal — defeat of the enemy. The paper notes that the strict control of the leading party-state bodies of the regional, city, district and university scale over the process of improving the system of military-patriotic education of students, significantly increased its organizational capabilities, and bringing the base of the ideological theory that prevailed in the country at that time under objective patriotic feelings, made the practical actions of students to protect the Motherland conscious and theoretically justified. This explains an active position of the Ural students in the war years, which determined their positive performance in military and physical training, propaganda work and patriotic movements. It is concluded that the higher educational institutions of the Urals, together with other universities of the USSR, became the most important centres of military-patriotic education, which in every possible way contributed to the military and labour unity of Soviet society, which defeated German Nazism. Social unity is also necessary for modern Russia, therefore, the existing historical experience should be studied and used in practice.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69597544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FOREST INDUSTRY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOVIET NORTH DURING THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLANS","authors":"Ivan V. Zykin","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-190-199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-190-199","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article aims at studying the timber industry in the conditions of the formation of regional administrative-territorial and economic structures in the north of the Soviet Union during the first five-year plans. The forestry industry had to ensure the export of forest resources and materials to obtain foreign exchange funds and meet the domestic needs of the country. Plans for the development of the industry and their implementation turned out to be closely related to the administrative and territorial transformations in the 1920s and 1930s, the creation and functioning of economic organizations. In the poorly developed northern and eastern regions of the country, they became a significant trump card in the actions of party-state and economic figures. This led to a number of contradictions and conflicts, which is shown by the examples of Northern Krai and the Igarka district. The potential of the decisions taken turned out to be short-lived — to achieve specific, narrow goals, but at the same time affected large territories. The result of the regional and economic — in relation to the forest industry — policy of the Soviet government was, in addition to the unbundling of the regions, the gradual reorientation of the industry to meet domestic needs. This process was based on the production and transport infrastructure created in the late 1920s — early 1930s for the export of wood. The projects of enterprises designed for meeting the domestic needs of the country, for the most part, have not been implemented.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135700847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEW DATA ON THE CHRONOLOGY OF FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS OF HUNTERS, FISHERMEN AND GATHERERS IN THE TAIGA ZONE OF WESTERN SIBERIA","authors":"Ekaterina N. Dubovtseva, Henny Piezonka, Tanja Schreiber","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-119-130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-119-130","url":null,"abstract":"The taiga zone of Western Siberia is an area with a long history of fortification construction. The number of known sites and their prototypes is more than 1 000, most of them belong to the Early Iron Age and the Middle Ages, but the first fortifications are dated to the Neolithic period and appear in the region at the turn of 7th–6th millennium BC. The study of their functions is a complex task, which can be solved, among other things, on the basis of statistical methods, which application is impossible without a reliable chronology. Unfortunately, the number of radiocarbon dates for the sites in the taiga zone of Western Siberia is extremely small. To create a reliable base for radiocarbon dating of the Surgut Priobie sites, associated with various types of defensive structures, we collected samples of coal and carbon deposit on pottery. Samples were collected both from museum collections and in the course of fieldwork. The main study site was the Barsova Gora tract, which sites form the basis for the study of cultural processes and the chronology of the Middle Taiga subzone of Western Siberia. As a result, a series of 66 radiocarbon AMS dates from 18 fortified and unfortified settlements from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages was obtained. Analysis of the series showed that about 10 % of the dates are invalid, which is due to both selection errors and complex stratigraphy, as well as to problems of the method, including the reservoir effect. Many sites were dated for the first time. In addition, 6 dates were obtained for the bones and soft tissues of modern fish.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135701145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NOT FOR WOMEN OR WORK ON AN EQUAL FOOTING? GEOLOGISTS’ NARRATIVES ABOUT FIELD WORKS","authors":"V. Kliueva","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-133-141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-133-141","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the gender aspect of geologists’ field work. The question is raised about cases of management of gender in geological professions. The emphasis on field specifics is made because the work of geologists in society is associated with uncomfortable working conditions. The appeal to the difficulties of fieldwork is an argument for characterizing the profession of a geologist as not suitable for women. Probably, for geologists, going to the field was a way to satisfy the need for extreme emotions. Field experience is perceived as an opportunity to test oneself in difficult conditions. Analysis of the collected narratives shows that gender was secondary in the field. The primary role was played by the professional skills of a field geologist. Although there were cases of sexism. The aspects of organizing field work are discussed in detail: distribution of duties and selection of expedition members; living conditions; informal practices of free time. The main method of data collection is a biographical narrative interview. Interviews were conducted with field geologists who worked in the northern regions of the country during the late Soviet period. These narratives were supplemented by published memoirs. The research was conducted in 2014–2021.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69595857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HEREDITARY SERVICEMEN IN THE BORDER TOWN ON THE VOLGA AT THE END OF THE TIME OF TROUBLES","authors":"Y. Rabinovich, Yu. N. Smirnov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-142-150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-142-150","url":null,"abstract":"The article shows the results of studying the composition and activities of hereditary servicemen in the Samara fortress at the end of the Time of Troubles. The analysis was based on methods of modern “new social history” and “new biographic history”. These methods were applied within the selected chronological and local frameworks of the southeastern borders of Russia at the beginning of the 17th century without ego-sources, and the necessary biographical information has been extracted from office documents and acts. Hereditary servicemen were transferred to Samara mainly from the towns and uezds of the Upper Volga. They had to participate in the struggle against internal enemies — supporters of impostors, in repelling attacks by nomads and Cossacks, in ensuring diplomatic contacts and customs service, in establishing ties with the capital, other towns and regions. They made a contribution into construction new fortresses on the Volga, because Samara remained the only Russian fortress between Kazan and Astrakhan during the Time of Troubles. The privileged status of hereditary servicemen in the Samara was due to the performance of responsible military and administrative duties, relatively high salaries, since the majority of them owned only small estates if at all, did not have serfs or owned a tiny number of them. Experienced soldiers and managers sent to serve in Samara contributed to the strengthening of the authorities in the border town and the further colonization of the outlying lands in the southeast of European Russia.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69596445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN THE URALS ACCORDING TO THE 1970 ALL-UNION POPULATION CENSUS","authors":"N. A. Mikhalev","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-37-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-37-47","url":null,"abstract":"In Russia, migration processes have always played a huge political and socio-economic role. The 20th century passed for the country under the sign of industrialization and urbanization, which, on the one hand, determined the strategic direction of modernization, and on the other hand, acted as the main coordinates that determined the movement of the population. It is common knowledge that migration from rural to urban areas was the main migration trend of modern Russian history, reflecting the accelerated development of the country’s urbanization processes. The most important source of data on migration is population censuses, which allow supplementing and clarifying the materials of the current statistical observation. A special place among them is occupied by the 1970 All-Union population census as the first post-war census, which program included questions about migration. The article aims at identifying regional specifics of rural-urban migration of the Urals population based on the materials of the 1970 census — determining the size and ratio of the flows that made up this migration, as well as assessing the intermediate results of its impact on the dynamics of the region’s population composition by the beginning of the 1970s. It is shown that even in the most urbanized regions of the Urals, villagers arriving in urban settlements constituted about a third of the total migration flow, while 23 times more than the number of migrants heading in the opposite direction, from city to village. Almost the same difference characterized the differences between the relative indicators of the migration intensity of the urban and rural population of the region.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69597308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}