PSN: Environment (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Do Investor-State Dispute Settlement Cases Influence Domestic Environmental Regulation? The Role of Respondent State Capacity","authors":"Tarald Laudal Berge, Axel Berger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3522366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3522366","url":null,"abstract":"There is currently a debate about whether investor-state dispute settlement cases unduly influence respondent-state domestic regulation. While anecdotes of adverse regulatory responses to investor-state cases have flourished, this article represents the first systematic test of this relationship in a cross-country, large-N setting. Using two unique datasets, we examine whether investor-state cases targeting environmental measures influence respondent states’ environmental regulation between 1987 and 2015. We make two theoretical contributions to the field of study. First, we present an integrated typology that maps potential regulatory responses to investor-state cases along the lifespan of cases, with appropriate methods of study for each type of response. Second, we propose a novel, conditional theory of regulatory response to investor-state cases: states’ responses should depend on their regulatory and economic capacities. In our analysis, we find that bureaucratic capacity in respondent states conditions the relationship between pending environmental investor-state cases and concurrent regulatory behavior, while respondent-state economic capacity conditions the relationship between losing environmental cases and subsequent environmental regulation. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find a more pronounced negative relationship between investor-state cases and regulatory behavior in states with higher bureaucratic and economic capacities.","PeriodicalId":378017,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Environment (Topic)","volume":"11 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133057002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ongoing Re-Centralization Trends in Environmental Policy in China: The Case of Green Finance Policy","authors":"Zhang Tuo, Xiaojun Yang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3404501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3404501","url":null,"abstract":"Collusions between local governments and firms” and its impacts on environmental governance have been paid a great of attention by the scholars in China. The center government carried out a series of re-centralization measurements to deter the collusions. By using the National Private Enterprise Survey datasets, we employ the Tobit model and Propensity Score Matching approach to investigate the relationship between political connections and corporate environmental investments, from the perspective of the re-centralization trend. We find that political connections have significantly improved corporate environmental investments. Furthermore, through establishing the mediation effect model, we find that private entrepreneurs mainly use political connections to obtain bank loans with lower interest rates, while formal financial institutions such as banks have higher requirements according to the green finance policies. Therefore, the positive effects of political connections on environmental investment are mainly mediated through formal finance. Our research thus has important policy implications on the ongoing re-centralization trends in environmental governance in China.","PeriodicalId":378017,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Environment (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125390662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Effects of Linking Voluntary Cap-and-Trade Systems for Co2 Emissions","authors":"M. Weitzman, Bjart Holtsmark","doi":"10.3386/W25001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25001","url":null,"abstract":"Linkage of cap-and-trade systems is typically advocated by economists on a general analogy with the beneficial linking of free-trade areas and on the specific grounds that linkage will ensure cost effectiveness among the linked jurisdictions. An appropriate and widely accepted specification for the damages of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within a relatively short (say 5-10 year) period is that marginal damages for each jurisdiction are constant (although they can differ among jurisdictions). With this defensible assumption, the analysis is significantly clarified and yields simple closed-form expressions for all CO2 permit prices. Some implications for linked and unlinked voluntary CO2 cap-and-trade systems are derived and discussed.","PeriodicalId":378017,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Environment (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121965286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EPA Regulation and Relative Food Cost","authors":"Levi A. Russell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3009444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3009444","url":null,"abstract":"Cost-benefit analysis of agri-environmental regulation is limited in the sense that it only examines the effects a single regulation will have on the public and polluters. Further, important mechanisms through which the public might bear part of the cost of regulation are not examined. This paper uses new data that allows for examination of regulation by a specific government agency on a specific industry to determine whether and to what extent relative food costs are affected by regulation of agriculture by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The index allows for an examination of the overall effect of regulation, which is an important addition to the existing literature. Findings indicate that the costs of EPA regulation have not been borne solely by producers and that relative food costs would be lower now if EPA regulation had not increased over time.","PeriodicalId":378017,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Environment (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126075209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International Transmission of the Business Cycle and Environmental Policy","authors":"Barbara Annicchiarico, Francesca Diluiso","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3089914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3089914","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model of environmental policy for a two-country economy and studies the international transmission of asymmetric shocks considering two different economy-wide greenhouse gases (GHG) emission regulations: a carbon tax and a cap-and-trade system allowing for cross-border exchange of emission permits. We find that international spillovers of shocks are strongly influenced by the environmental regime put in place. The cross-border reaction to shocks is found to be magnified under a carbon tax. The pattern of trade and the underlying monetary regime influence the international transmission channels interacting with the environmental policy adopted.","PeriodicalId":378017,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Environment (Topic)","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123780035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enabling Environment for Waste and Wastewater Recycling and Reuse Options in South Asia: The Case of Sri Lanka","authors":"Maksud Bekchanov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3087907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3087907","url":null,"abstract":"Mismanagement of waste and wastewater is a key reason behind the continuing environmental pollution and degrading livelihoods across the developing countries of South Asia such as Sri Lanka. Recovering nutrients and energy from waste and wastewater streams can not only address the challenging waste and wastewater management problems but also considerably substitute the imports of chemical fertilizers and fossil fuels. Considering these environmental and economic benefits of waste and wastewater recycling, this study aims at assessing investment climate for a broader implementation of recycling technologies such as composting, biogas generation, and electricity production through incineration process. For this purpose, a wide range of methods were implemented including a detailed review of scientific literature, laws and reports by governmental agencies, as well as key informant interviews and focus group discussions. For assessing technical potential of recovering nutrients from waste streams a simulation model was applied. As results indicated, since waste generation and thus potential for nutrient recovery is high in urban areas, while demand for recovered nutrients is much higher in rural areas, interregional trade of the recovered nutrients would considerably contribute to reducing the shortage of fertilizers, improving food security, and increasing export incomes in Sri Lanka. Recovering nutrients from recycling only half of total organic waste and wastewater may allow for meeting agricultural demands for phosphorus and potassium, and supply 75% of nitrogen requirements at the national level. The government would need to be the main facilitator of the change through improving the accounting and planning in the system, establishing effective institutional and regulatory frameworks, providing financial incentives for the implementation of the recycling technologies, and supporting educational programs for raising the environmental consciousness.","PeriodicalId":378017,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Environment (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126099981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small is Beautiful: Why a Club Approach is the Way to Go in Climate Change Mitigation","authors":"R. Leal-Arcas","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-63612-2_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63612-2_19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":378017,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Environment (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131633520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing Environmental Management Systems (EMS) in Sarawak: Adoption Factors","authors":"L. L. Ho, P. L. Law, Soh-Fong Lim","doi":"10.21625/ESSD.V1I2.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21625/ESSD.V1I2.88","url":null,"abstract":"In most organizations, Environmental Management Systems (EMS) adoption is based on voluntary basis, in which the adoption depends on organization’s aspirations for better environmental performance. Organizations are attracted by very practical benefits through implementation of EMS in their organizations. The primary purpose of an EMS implementation is to improve environmental performance continually in an organization. This research investigates the factors that drive the adoption of EMS by organizations in Sarawak. Empirical findings of a survey on the above in Sarawak organizations are presented. About 112 survey questionnaires invitations were forwarded to various organizations in Sarawak and a total of 47 responses (about 42.0%) were received, Walford (1995) in his assertion said that sampling techniques require 10 percent or more of observations or sampling fraction so that they are to be considered representative of the total population From this research, organizations which have implemented an EMS are mostly from larger organizations in Sarawak which have been established for more than 15 years with over 251 employees and more than one operating location. The results showed that ISO 14001 is the most common EMS frameworks adopted by organizations in Sarawak; followed by Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). Among the EMS adoption factors in Sarawak, EMS implementation motivation and the role of top management are the most critical factors in EMS adoption in Sarawak. Besides, management support is also another essential factor for EMS adoption among Sarawak organizations; followed by current market orientation factor.","PeriodicalId":378017,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Environment (Topic)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124576348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency","authors":"M. Gorman, M. Mehalik, P. Werhane","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2974122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2974122","url":null,"abstract":"This note documents the transition of Michael Braungart from Greenpeace activist to international consultant in industrial ecology. In the process of forming a consulting company, the Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency, Braungart poses a challenge to SETAC, an international scientific organization, on the methodologies of assessing product and process life cycles. \u0000 \u0000Excerpt \u0000 \u0000UVA-E-0146 \u0000 \u0000Rev. May 9, 2013 \u0000 \u0000ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ENCOURAGEMENT AGENCY \u0000 \u0000Michael Braungart, a chemical engineer and professor, had good reason to feel a sense of accomplishment. He and his consulting company, the Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency (EPEA), had earned a ringing endorsement at the Economy and Environment Conference in June 1997. This major environmental conference had been hosted in Mainau, Germany, by the high-profile, nonprofit German Environmental Aid Association (Deutsche Umwelthilfe) and attended by some of the world's largest companies, such as Lufthansa and Unilever. \u0000 \u0000Braungart had been present in two official capacities at the conference. First, he presented one of the key consulting tools that he and the EPEA had developed over several years. The tool was called a “Sustainability Index.” It was one part of a challenging methodology that Braungart was putting into practice at companies that hired the EPEA. Second, he was mentioned by Albin Kalin, managing director of Rohner Textil, a company that had developed and was selling a compostable furniture fabric constructed from a nearly emission-free production process. Kalin had worked with the EPEA in order to make sure the fabric and his dye and weaving facility were in compliance with environmental sustainability criteria. Kalin had presented some of the main results of this endeavor. \u0000 \u0000The endorsement had come at the end of the conference from the commentator, the Right Honorable John Gummer, England's secretary of state for the environment in former Prime Minister John Major's government. Gummer had labeled the compostable fabric, Rohner Textil, and praised the EPEA as “the only existing example I have seen that embodies the spirit of Agenda 21.” Gummer was referring to the international document developed at the 1992 Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Agenda 21 was on Gummer's mind, as the next week he was headed to New York for Earth Summit II, on the five-year anniversary of the Rio conference. Gummer undoubtedly wanted to carry a strong message of European progress to the conference. \u0000 \u0000. . .","PeriodicalId":378017,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Environment (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115393347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Bunker Risk Management on CO2 Emissions in Maritime Transportation Under ECA Regulation","authors":"Yewen Gu, S. Wallace, Xin Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2870407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2870407","url":null,"abstract":"The shipping industry carries over 90 percent of the world’s trade, and is hence a major contributor to CO2 and other airborne emissions. As a global effort to reduce air pollution from ships, the implementation of the ECA (Emission Control Areas) regulations has given rise to the wide usage of cleaner fuels. This has led to an increased emphasis on the management and risk control of maritime bunker costs for many shipping companies. In this paper, we provide a novel view on the relationship between bunker risk management and CO2 emissions. In particular, we investigate how different actions taken in bunker risk management, based on different risk aversions and fuel hedging strategies, impact a shipping company’s CO2 emissions. We use a stochastic programming model and perform various comparison tests in a case study based on a major liner company. Our results show that a shipping company’s risk attitude on bunker costs have impacts on its CO2 emissions. We also demonstrate that, by properly designing its hedging strategies, a shipping company can sometimes achieve noticeable CO2 reduction with little financial sacrifice.","PeriodicalId":378017,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Environment (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131993396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}