R. Cookson, Owen Cotton-Barratt, M. Adler, M. Asaria, Toby Ord
{"title":"Years of Good Life Based on Consumption and Health","authors":"R. Cookson, Owen Cotton-Barratt, M. Adler, M. Asaria, Toby Ord","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter proposes a practical measure of individual well-being to facilitate the economic evaluation of public policies. The authors propose to evaluate policies in terms of years of good life gained, in a practical and flexible way that complements and builds upon the standard outcome measures used in cost-effectiveness and cost–benefit analysis. The authors show how to do this by adjusting years of life lived for consumption-related quality of life—that is, the material standard of living—as well as health-related quality of life. This is a straightforward extension of the quality-adjusted life year metric used in health economics for measuring years of healthy life. The authors’ approach allows for differences between people in the marginal value of money. It also permits distributional impact analysis in terms of lifetime well-being—that is, how many good years of life different people can expect over the course of their lives. The authors aim to show how years of good life could be measured in practice by harnessing readily available data on three important elements of individual well-being: consumption, health-related quality of life, and mortality. They also aim to identify the main ethical assumptions needed to use this measure.","PeriodicalId":377845,"journal":{"name":"Measuring the Global Burden of Disease","volume":"246 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133905192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Causal Contribution","authors":"Ned Hall","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Causal language in everyday life and even in policymaking contexts encourages a certain kind of mistake: given some quantifiable outcome (say, the total number of years of life lost in a certain community, over a certain time period), it may be taken for granted that it makes sense to ask, How much of this outcome was due to its various causes? But only in very rare circumstances—when the causal factors in question act additively—is this question well posed. This chapter explains what this additivity requirement amounts to, why it is almost never met, and why an alternative that some have found beguiling—draw on the game-theoretic concept of “Shapley values”—provides no refuge. In discussions of the global burden of disease, the question of what percentage of a given outcome each of its causes “contributed” to that outcome should be rejected as meaningless.","PeriodicalId":377845,"journal":{"name":"Measuring the Global Burden of Disease","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116986945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Healthy Nails versus Long Lives","authors":"Alex Voorhoeve","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"How should governments balance saving people from very large individual disease burdens (such as an early death) against saving them from middling burdens (such as erectile dysfunction) and minor burdens (such as nail fungus)? This chapter considers this question through an analysis of a priority-setting proposal in the Netherlands, on which avoiding a multitude of middling burdens takes priority over saving one person from early death, but no number of very small burdens can take priority over avoiding one death. It argues that there is some, albeit imperfect, evidence of substantial public support for such a policy. Furthermore, it provides a principled rationale for it in terms of respect for the person who faces the largest burden. However, it also argues that the threshold for what counts as a minor burden should be set substantially lower than in the Dutch proposal.","PeriodicalId":377845,"journal":{"name":"Measuring the Global Burden of Disease","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127036321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Can Health Be Measured?","authors":"D. Hausman","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This essay is concerned with conceptualizing the measurement of overall health. Its conclusion—that the measurement of health consists in assigning a value to health rather than in measuring some quantity or magnitude of health—challenges some of the claims made in the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study (Salomon et al. 2012). The arguments here are drawn from the author’s book, Valuing Health: Well-Being, Freedom, and Suffering (Hausman 2015) and in several cases are developed further there. After saying a few words about why health needs to be measured or valued, what health is, and what measurement requires, the chapter argues that health is not measurable, because the relation “is at least as healthy as” is massively incomplete. The author also argues that even though the value of health is measurable, health itself cannot be measured indirectly by its value.","PeriodicalId":377845,"journal":{"name":"Measuring the Global Burden of Disease","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131100668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Global Health Impact Index","authors":"Nicole Hassoun","doi":"10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"There are many multi-attribute indicators of countries’ levels of wealth, poverty, inequality, and development. Some of these indicators, such as the Human Development Index, consider aspects of population health. This chapter presents the first multi-attribute indicator comparing the impact of key drugs on poor health across the world: the Global Health Impact (GHI) index. It evaluates the impact of key drugs on malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and several neglected tropical diseases in every country in the world. The chapter includes a discussion of possible future directions for research and ends with a discussion of the GHI index and numerous questions that remain regarding its methodology and implementation.","PeriodicalId":377845,"journal":{"name":"Measuring the Global Burden of Disease","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124642886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}