TennisPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0006
G. Ruth
{"title":"Wartime Southern California Professionals","authors":"G. Ruth","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers how World War II impacted the possibilities of the professionalization of tennis by looking closely at the careers of several California players who, to varying degrees, benefitted from the player development programs put in place by Perry T. Jones in Los Angeles. Don Budge reappears as a champion whose playing career took a turn for the worst during the 1940s. Bobby Riggs presents a study in contrast in terms of both infamy and as a player who benefitted from wartime disruptions. In the latter 1940s Jack Kramer became the dominate touring professional.","PeriodicalId":375944,"journal":{"name":"Tennis","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116817250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TennisPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0007
G. Ruth
{"title":"The Cultural Contexts of Mid-Century Women’s Tennis","authors":"G. Ruth","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details how women’s tennis assumed heightened cultural import in the contexts of the Cold War. One famous incident involved Gertrude Moran’s sartorial selection at the Wimbledon Championships. Women professionals such as Moran and Pauline Betz toured went on tour with Riggs and Kramer in the early 1950s, while Betz and Sarah Palfrey Cooke also toured independently of their male playing peers. Alice Marble became an outspoken critic of the men who ran the United States Lawn Tennis Association, a touring professional comfortable with the commercialization of the sport, and a voice for racial equity in the sport through her support of the African American champion Althea Gibson.","PeriodicalId":375944,"journal":{"name":"Tennis","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131470217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TennisPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0012
G. Ruth
{"title":"The Impact of Sports Agents and Agencies on Professional Tennis","authors":"G. Ruth","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter gives an account of the structure of and work done by sports agents for their athlete clients beginning in the 1960s. Mark McCormack’s International Management Group was the first and became the biggest sports marketing firm in the world. Donald Dell’s ProServ was another major sports agency that counted many of the best tennis players in the world as clients. As an individual sport with a global schedule, sports agents came to assume a great deal of power in influencing the commercial directions of the game in its very recent move into Open Tennis.","PeriodicalId":375944,"journal":{"name":"Tennis","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121928614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TennisPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0013
G. Ruth
{"title":"Women’s Professional Tennis in the Early Open Era","authors":"G. Ruth","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the ways three important women shaped professional tennis leading up to and into the first decade of Open Tennis. Gladys Heldman published World Tennis, the leading tennis periodical of the time, and helped popularize both professional tennis and professional women players. Heldman also helped found the women’s professional tour by offering players contracts and tournament scheduling before stepping aside to allow for the well-funded and hugely popular Virginia Slims Tour. Billie Jean King came to lead the women professionals in the newly formed player’s union called the Women’s Tennis Association. That organization faced a major challenge when considering whether or not Renée Richards should be allowed to play women’s tennis tournaments.","PeriodicalId":375944,"journal":{"name":"Tennis","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126287341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TennisPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0011
G. Ruth
{"title":"The Rise and Demise of World Championship Tennis","authors":"G. Ruth","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter recounts a selection of sports promoters who got involved in tennis following the decision for Open Tennis in 1968. Lamar Hunt’s World Championship Tennis proved itself the most innovative of the new tennis circuits by securing bigger stadium venues, better television contracts, and offering higher prize money for players than any professional tennis touring that had come before. During the 1970s a new player union called the Association of Tennis Professionals formed and proved powerful after staging a successful player boycott of the 1973 Wimbledon Championships. The growing strength of the players and the Men’s International Professional Tennis Council combined with the International Lawn Tennis Federation’s Grand Prix circuit, anchored by an expanded U.S. Open at Flushing Meadows, to eventually overwhelm World Championship Tennis and force Hunt to drawback his tennis operations.","PeriodicalId":375944,"journal":{"name":"Tennis","volume":"66 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113938316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TennisPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0003
G. Ruth
{"title":"The West Coast Game","authors":"G. Ruth","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter centers on the westward movement of tennis to the West Coast of the United States. California tennis clubs, in particular the Los Angeles Tennis Club, came to compete with one another and with their East Coast counterparts for control over the limited commercialization of a sport so tied to amateur ideals. Thanks to favorable climate and clever maneuvering, California had risen quickly to produce the most topflight tennis players in the country by the 1920s. The quick ascendance of the Southern California Tennis Association started to erode the sway over the game exercised by East Coast sections in the United States Lawn Tennis Association.","PeriodicalId":375944,"journal":{"name":"Tennis","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121568629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TennisPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0004
G. Ruth
{"title":"The Cause Célèbre of the Pioneering Professional","authors":"G. Ruth","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents the pioneering professional tennis tour undertaken by Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen in 1926. The chapter situates Lenglen’s embrace of the commercial possibilities of touring the United States within the social and cultural history of women and celebrity culture in 1920s. Lenglen’s youth in France and amateur career are discussed before a detailed account of her professional tour, promoted by C.C. Pyle is recounted.","PeriodicalId":375944,"journal":{"name":"Tennis","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114671658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TennisPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0002
G. Ruth
{"title":"Amateur Associations along the American Atlantic Coast","authors":"G. Ruth","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter follows the spread of lawn tennis from Britain to Continental Europe and the North American Atlantic coast. The chapter situates tennis in the United States within the cultural history of the leisure class during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. A social history of early lawn tennis clubs and amateur associations points to the staunch stance the early leaders of the game took against the presence of money in the sport. The famous Philadelphia champion Bill Tilden became a particular cause of concern for amateur tennis authorities.","PeriodicalId":375944,"journal":{"name":"Tennis","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116798250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TennisPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0001
G. Ruth
{"title":"Tennis Amateurs and Tennis Professionals","authors":"G. Ruth","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the conflicts for control of the game of tennis as the theme linking together a three part periodization of the sport. The first spanned from the Welsh origins of lawn tennis in 1873 to the diffusion of the game throughout Europe and the United States. The successes and shortcoming of the touring professionals between 1926 and 1968 marked the second stage of the game. Open competition between professional and amateur players began in 1968, with the increased money in the game the hallmark of this third period in the history of the sport.","PeriodicalId":375944,"journal":{"name":"Tennis","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126320431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TennisPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0009
G. Ruth
{"title":"The World Champion from “The Wrong Side of the Tracks”","authors":"G. Ruth","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter situates Richard “Pancho” Gonzales near decade long reign atop the ranks of professional tennis within the social contexts of class and ethnicity in the United States. Gonzales’ youth delinquency contrasted sharply with so-called All American players like Jack Kramer who also developed their games in mid-century Los Angeles. After a stellar amateur career, Gonzales turned professional only to find himself unable to get a match after losing badly to Kramer. Gonzales took full advantage to tour again in 1954 by besting fellow professionals in a round-robin format. Antipathy between Kramer, Gonzales, and other professionals continued for the next decade as Gonzales remained the tennis player to beat.","PeriodicalId":375944,"journal":{"name":"Tennis","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125133398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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