Current Tropical Medicine Reports最新文献

{"title":"Host-Pathogen Molecular Factors Contribute to the Pathogenesis of <i>Rhizopus</i> spp. in Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Berenice Morales-Franco,&nbsp;Mario Nava-Villalba,&nbsp;Edgar Octavio Medina-Guerrero,&nbsp;Yaír Adonaí Sánchez-Nuño,&nbsp;Perla Davila-Villa,&nbsp;Elsa Janneth Anaya-Ambriz,&nbsp;Claudia Lisette Charles-Niño","doi":"10.1007/s40475-020-00222-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00222-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Infectious diseases represent up to 12% of all deaths in people with diabetes mellitus (DM). The development and progression of DM generate a chronic inflammatory state with unique characteristics that have been exploited by some pathogens; one of them is <i>Rhizopus</i> spp., a fungus considered the causative agent of mucormycosis. This disease has a poor prognosis with high mortality rates, and the apparition of resistant isolates each year has become a worrying concern. DM is an actual and continuing health problem, and for that reason, it is of foremost importance to study the pathogenesis of mucormycosis to generate new prevention and treatment strategies.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The worldwide incidence of mucormycosis has increased in recent years. The pathogenic mechanisms and factors identified in <i>Rhizopus</i> spp. are the cell wall, spore germination, proteins, and enzymes related to iron sequestration, CotH fungal protein, positive regulation of the GRP78 cell receptor, and immune evasion due to survival within phagocytes, among others. The physiopathology of DM offers favorable conditions for the successful replication of <i>Rhizopus</i> spp.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The main reason for increase of incidence of mucormycosis caused by <i>Rhizopus</i> spp. has been associated with the rise of worldwide prevalence of DM. Knowing the fungal pathogenic mechanisms as well as the relationships between <i>Rhizopus</i> with the microenvironment found in the human body will undoubtedly help generate better antifungals to enhance treatment outcomes. Nowadays, some strategies to combat the fungus are based on the knowledge of its proteins, cellular interactions, and iron metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"6-17"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40475-020-00222-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10630585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Aspect of <i>Kumbh Mela</i> Massive Gathering and COVID-19.","authors":"Sayed A Quadri,&nbsp;Prasad R Padala","doi":"10.1007/s40475-021-00238-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00238-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong><i>Kumbh Mela</i>, a religious gathering of Hindus held in India, is the largest massive gathering event in the world. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented healthcare crisis in recent times with effects reverberating in all spheres of human lives. India has registered the second highest number of COVID-19 cases. This paper aims to dwell in the religious and social background of <i>Kumbh Mela</i> massive gathering, as well as the ritualistic practices that could potentially entail public health risks in the current situation. It also aims to identify possible preparatory and interventional measures to evade such risks.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>In recent years, the increase in the number of people attending the <i>Kumbh Mela</i> has been phenomenal. Congregants are put up at the holy sites for several days. The sheer number of people assembling at the religious venues poses a great challenge to manage the crowds, to cater to the requirements of basic amenities, and to meet their healthcare needs. Some of the ritualistic practices could heighten the risk for transmission of respiratory pathogens. The COVID-19 pandemic has escalated over the past few months in India. The pandemic is expected to sustain its tempo in India throughout the foreseeable future. Organization of the forthcoming <i>Kumbh Mela</i> needs meticulous planning.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong><i>Kumbh Mela</i> is a Hindu religious gathering at the banks of India's rivers, held periodically. It witnesses assembly of huge numbers of people and has the potential to amplify the COVID-19 pandemic in India; this could overwhelm the healthcare system.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":"8 3","pages":"225-230"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40475-021-00238-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25558639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-opening Sudan: the Balance Between Maintaining Daily Living and Avoiding the Next Peak of COVID-19.","authors":"Nada Fadul,&nbsp;Mohamed E Hussein,&nbsp;Abdelaal A Fadul","doi":"10.1007/s40475-021-00237-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00237-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the review: </strong>To describe the intersectionality of healthcare and economy, and potential solutions to prevent the next peak of COVID-19 in Sudan.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Sudan has recently emerged from a 30-year dictatorship to face the COVID-19 pandemic in the midst of the worst economic crisis. Disease control measures that have been used in developed countries have been difficult to implement in Sudan due to economic, social, and structural challenges. There is a need for integration of data into the disease response plan and for community engagement to help with mitigation efforts. Youth-led community organizations were critical in the success of the Sudanese revolution. Their formal involvement in contact tracing and community awareness campaigns can be beneficial.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the surface many of the challenges facing the healthcare system in Sudan. Culturally tailored interventions are needed to prevent the next peak of COVID-19 in the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":"8 3","pages":"231-237"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40475-021-00237-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25558640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin D Status: Can It Affect the Risk of Infection and the Severity of COVID-19 Symptoms?","authors":"Nicole Paiz, Paula Alonso, Ana Luisa Portillo","doi":"10.1007/s40475-021-00236-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40475-021-00236-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, several academic studies have emerged that explore the importance of vitamin D in the development of the SARS-CoV2 infection. The basis of this interest comes from the established effect vitamin D status has on other acute respiratory infections, such as influenza. This article aims to determine the role and effect of vitamin D serum concentration in the prevalence and severity of COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Several observational studies have demonstrated that suboptimal levels of vitamin D serum concentrations can significantly increase the risk of developing COVID-19 and lead to a more severe symptomatology. One study suggests, however, that supplementation of vitamin D could potentially increase the incidence of mortality in COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Vitamin D status could have an influential role in the development and progression of SARS-CoV2 infection. Further studies are warranted to understand fully the veracity and the extent of this association.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":"8 3","pages":"204-211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8010782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25558641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Leishmaniasis: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.","authors":"Sarah Mann,&nbsp;Katherine Frasca,&nbsp;Sara Scherrer,&nbsp;Andrés F Henao-Martínez,&nbsp;Sabrina Newman,&nbsp;Poornima Ramanan,&nbsp;José A Suarez","doi":"10.1007/s40475-021-00232-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00232-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral leishmaniasis. We will describe the most recent findings and suggest areas of further research in the leishmaniasis field.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>This article reviews newer leishmaniasis tests (including rapid diagnostic tests using rK39 antibodies), vaccine candidates, and updated treatment recommendations.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>While leishmaniasis is a complex disease, learning the prominent clinical manifestations and major parasite species can guide the recommendations for diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":"8 2","pages":"121-132"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40475-021-00232-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25501648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria in the USA: How Vulnerable Are We to Future Outbreaks?","authors":"Kyndall C Dye-Braumuller,&nbsp;Mufaro Kanyangarara","doi":"10.1007/s40475-020-00224-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00224-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Malaria poses a threat to nearly half of the world's population, and recent literature in the USA is lacking regarding understanding risk for local outbreaks. This article aims to review <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito data, vector-borne disease outbreak preparedness, and human travel data from large international gateway cities in an effort to examine risk for localized outbreaks.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The majority of vector control organizations are widely unprepared for a vector-borne disease outbreak, and multiple mosquito species capable of transmitting malaria continue to persist throughout the USA.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Despite the lack of recent autochthonous cases in the USA, multiple risk factors suggest that local malaria outbreaks in the USA will continue to pose a public health threat due to large numbers of international travelers from endemic areas, multiple <i>Anopheles</i> spp. capable of transmitting the parasite, and unsatisfactory vector-borne disease outbreak preparedness. Climate conditions and recent changes in travel patterns will influence malaria across the globe.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":" ","pages":"43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40475-020-00224-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38837977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of Research in the West Indies and Northeast Amazonia to Knowledge of the 2014-2015 Chikungunya Epidemic in the Americas.","authors":"Timothee Bonifay,&nbsp;Lidvine Godaert,&nbsp;Yanouk Epelboin,&nbsp;Dominique Rousset,&nbsp;Maylis Douine,&nbsp;Hélène Hilderal,&nbsp;Cyril Clavel,&nbsp;Sylvie Abel,&nbsp;Fatiha Najioullah,&nbsp;Laurence Fagour,&nbsp;Margarete do Socorro Mendonça Gomes,&nbsp;Marcus Lacerda,&nbsp;Raymond Cézaire,&nbsp;Narcisse Elenga,&nbsp;Moustapha Dramé,&nbsp;Bruno Hoen,&nbsp;André Cabié,&nbsp;Félix Djossou,&nbsp;Loïc Epelboin","doi":"10.1007/s40475-021-00242-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00242-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Although the chikungunya virus was discovered more than 60 years ago, it has only really been studied since the outbreak in La Reunion in 2005-2006. Ten years later, between 2014 and 2015, the chikungunya virus spread throughout the Americas, affecting millions of people. The objective of this review is to describe the contributions of research on chikungunya virus infection gained from epidemic in the West Indies and the Guiana Shield.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Prevalence data were similar to those found in the Indian Ocean or Asia during epidemics. Clinically, there is now a better understanding of the typical, atypical, and severe forms. Several studies have insisted on the presence of neurological forms of chikungunya infection, such as encephalitis or Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cases of septic shock due to chikungunya virus as well as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura were described for the first time. Given the magnitude of the epidemic and the large number of people affected, this has led to a better description and new classifications of chikungunya virus infections in specific populations such as pregnant women, the elderly, and children. Several studies also described the behavior of populations faced with an emerging disease.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Current epidemiological data from tropical regions highlights the risk of spreading emerging diseases at higher latitudes, especially concerning arboviruses, since the vector <i>Aedes albopictus</i> is already established in many parts of northern countries. A better understanding of the disease and its epidemic dynamics will foster better management, the crucial importance of which was demonstrated during the COVID-19 epidemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":"8 3","pages":"164-172"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40475-021-00242-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39111031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbovirus Rash in the Febrile Returning Traveler as a Diagnostic Clue.","authors":"Eduardo Wong, José Antonio Suárez, Laura Naranjo, María Mercedes Castrejón-Alba","doi":"10.1007/s40475-021-00229-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40475-021-00229-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review aims to describe briefly the general information of arboviruses dengue, Zika, and chikungunya infections and emphasize the clinical manifestations of each, to help identify and make a quick diagnosis of each.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The most relevant advances in the study of these arboviruses' infections have been in the epidemiological distribution, mainly due to international travel, migration, and climate change; in the clinical manifestations of these diseases, the development of clinical decision-making software, which can help improve the management and outcomes of these patients; and in the prevention of this disease.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Although arboviruses infections constitute a clinical challenge for the attending physician in the scope of a febrile returning traveler, a thorough clinical history and exam can help to aid diagnostic reasoning. The characteristics of the rash are a very helpful clue in the evaluation of these patients. Currently, there are clinical decision aid tools that help to get the diagnosis more quickly.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":"8 2","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7900380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25421423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Q Fever on the Guiana Shield and Brazil: Recent Findings and Remaining Questions.","authors":"Loïc Epelboin,&nbsp;Carole Eldin,&nbsp;Pauline Thill,&nbsp;Vincent Pommier de Santi,&nbsp;Philippe Abboud,&nbsp;Gaëlle Walter,&nbsp;Alessia Melzani,&nbsp;Paule Letertre-Gibert,&nbsp;Lucas Perez,&nbsp;Magalie Demar,&nbsp;Mathilde Boutrou,&nbsp;Jorlan Fernandes,&nbsp;Julman Rosiris Cermeño,&nbsp;Maria Mercedes Panizo,&nbsp;Stephen Gs Vreden,&nbsp;Félix Djossou,&nbsp;Emmanuel Beillard,&nbsp;Jacobus H de Waard,&nbsp;Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos","doi":"10.1007/s40475-021-00243-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00243-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>In this review, we report on the state of knowledge about human Q fever in Brazil and on the Guiana Shield, an Amazonian region located in northeastern South America. There is a contrast between French Guiana, where the incidence of this disease is the highest in the world, and other countries where this disease is practically non-existent.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Recent findings are essentially in French Guiana where a unique strain MST17 has been identified; it is probably more virulent than those usually found with a particularly marked pulmonary tropism, a mysterious animal reservoir, a geographical distribution that raises questions.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Q fever is a bacterial zoonosis due to <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> that has been reported worldwide. On the Guiana Shield, a region mostly covered by Amazonian forest, which encompasses the Venezuelan State of Bolivar, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and the Brazilian State of Amapá, the situation is very heterogeneous. While French Guiana is the region reporting the highest incidence of this disease in the world, with a single infecting clone (MST 117) and a unique epidemiological cycle, it has hardly ever been reported in other countries in the region. This absence of cases raises many questions and is probably due to massive under-diagnosis. Studies should estimate comprehensively the true burden of this disease in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":"8 3","pages":"173-182"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40475-021-00243-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39066640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giardia duodenalis Virulence - \"To Be, or Not To Be\".","authors":"Raúl Argüello-García,&nbsp;M Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres","doi":"10.1007/s40475-021-00248-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00248-z","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Purpose of review: &lt;/strong&gt;Here, we review recent progress made on the genetic characterization of &lt;i&gt;Giardia duodenalis&lt;/i&gt; assemblages and their relationship with virulence. We also discuss the implications of virulence factors in the pathogenesis of giardiasis, and advances in the development of vaccines and drugs based on knowledge of virulence markers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Recent findings: &lt;/strong&gt;The use of transcriptomic and proteomic technologies as well as whole genome sequencing (WGS) from single cysts has allowed the assembly of the draft genome sequences for assemblages C and D of &lt;i&gt;G. duodenalis&lt;/i&gt;. These findings, along with the published genomes for assemblages A, B, and E, have allowed comparative genomic investigations. In addition, the use of these methodologies for the characterization of the secretomes of trophozoite-epithelial cell interactions for assemblages A/B has led to the identification of virulence markers including energy metabolism enzymes, proteinases, high-cysteine membrane proteins (HCMPs), and variant surface proteins (VSPs). Recently, some drugs and vaccines, targeting virulence factors have been developed, offering possible alternatives to current treatment and prevention options against giardiasis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Among the nine recognized species of &lt;i&gt;Giardia&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;G. duodenalis&lt;/i&gt; stands out because of its broad spectrum of hosts and its socio-economic importance. This species comprises eight genetic assemblages (A to H), of which A and B are zoonotic, and the other assemblages have narrow host specificities. Assemblages A and B may be considered as the most virulent ones, but the existence of asymptomatic carriers and considerable genetic variability within and among these assemblages hampers the definition of common virulence factors. The attachment of &lt;i&gt;Giardia&lt;/i&gt; trophozoites to epithelial cells and structural cytoskeleton components of the adhesive disk, such as giardins or tubulins, is proposed to play key roles, but toxins have not yet been precisely defined. However, recent transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the secretomes of trophozoites representing assemblages A and B and interacting with particular epithelial cell lines have defined a series of virulence factors, including glycolytic (e.g., enolase) and arginolytic (e.g., arginine deiminase) enzymes, cysteine proteases (e.g., giardipain-1) and VSPs (e.g., VSP9B10A). Other factors, such as HCMPs and tenascins, have been consistently found to be excreted/secreted, but their role(s) in the pathogenesis of giardiasis has not yet been elucidated. Interestingly, recent investigations of single cysts representing assemblages C and D using advanced sequencing and informatic methods have suggested that the transcription/expression profiles of virulence factors vary both within and between assemblages, thus assemblage-specific molecules might allow adaptation to the microenvironment within the host. Importantly, some dr","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":"8 4","pages":"246-256"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8529366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39559034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}