HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Cost analysis as the basis for management decisions in automation of enzyme immunoassays for HIV infection","authors":"O. O. Ivoylov, A. Kochetov, O. Lyang, K. Libon","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-78-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-78-89","url":null,"abstract":"Every year, about a fifth of the Russian population undergoes laboratory testing for HIV infection, which creates a significant burden on the healthcare system. A significant part of the research on markers of HIV infection is performed using ELISA test systems, usually using manual labor of personnel. The decision to automate this process should be based on the results of a comparative analysis of the direct costs of manual and automated methods.The purpose statement is to evaluate the impact of automation on the labor intensity and cost of ELISA tests for antibodies to HIV1.2 / p24 antigen, depending on changes in the number of laboratory tests and the mode of operation of automatic equipment.Materials and methods. The study of costs was carried out for the manual ELISA method and for automated execution using the ELISA analyzer «Lazurit». To analyze the labor costs of the personnel, the timing of the workplaces of the medical laboratory was performed. When modeling various flows of biomaterial samples, the number of laboratory tests was used, which is a multiple of the 1st plate of the ELISA test system. The assessment of the influence of the operating modes of the automatic analyzer was carried out with a working shift of 7.2 hours and 12 hours.Results. Automation of ELISA in conditions of medium and large volumes of testing saves labor by more than 1.6 times with a work schedule of 7.2 hours, and more than 1.9 times with a schedule of 12 hours. At the same time, automation increases the technological cost at low flows by more than 2 times, and at high flows — by 1.2 times. Conclusion. Automation of HIV testing using an ELISA analyzer leads, in general, to a negative economic effect due to a significant excess of the cost of additional consumables and depreciation of equipment over the possible savings in the wage fund. However, with a load exceeding 3–4 ELISA plates per day per 1 medical laboratory technician, automation can be an effective alternative to increasing the laboratory staff. Optimal for automated ELISA at medium and high flows is a 12-hour work schedule. ","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47525127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the men with HIV infection and syphilis in St. Petersburg","authors":"M. Chirskaya, E. Yastrebova, T. Krasnoselskikh, T. Vinogradova, E. B. Manasheva, N. V. Dunaeva","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-70-77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-70-77","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose statement is to analyze the socio-demographic, clinical, epidemiological, and behavioral characteristics of patients with only HIV infection and those co-infected with HIV and Tr. pallidum, which are under supervision in St. Petersburg GBUZ «Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases».Material and methods. The data of outpatient cards of 588 patients who were registered in the dispensary at the St. Petersburg Central Clinical Center in the period from 2018 to 2020 were studied, and the data of the cards of males (435 people) were selected. Patients were divided into two groups: with HIV monoinfection (198 people) and with a combination of HIV infection and syphilis (237 people).Results. Patients co-infected compared with HIV-only patients were less likely to have higher education, were less likely to be married, were diagnosed with HIV infection more often at self-report and during routine examination, there were more men who hade sex with men (homosexual), and bisexual men. Co-infected patients were less likely to have used drugs in the present or in the past and were primarily infected with HIV through sexual contact. They were diagnosed mainly with early forms of syphilis. In patients with coinfection, concomitant diseases of the kidneys, cardiovascular, endocrine systems were often detected, and a high comorbidity with chronic hepatitis B was also noted.Conclusion. The identified socio-demographic, clinical, epidemiological and behavioral characteristics of men with HIV + syphilis coinfection indicate the need for more active work aimed at popularizing barrier contraception among men, especially MSM and prone to bisexual contacts; when syphilis is detected in HIV-infected patients, conduct a thorough examination of all organs and systems, extraordinary for the presence of viral hepatitis. ","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43663098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and metabolic changes in the central nervous system in women with HIV/HCV co-infection","authors":"V. Rassokhin, E. Boeva, E. Gromova, D. Susin, T. N. Trofimova, N. Belyakov","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-37-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-37-45","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose statement is to study the medical and social status and radiological changes in the CNS in women of reproductive age with HIV/HCV co-infection.Materials and methods. The main group (n=36) consisted of patients with HIV/HCV and co-infection. The comparison group (n=36) consisted of women infected with HIV only. Within the framework of this study, clinical, laboratory (general clinical, biochemical, immunological, virological), and instrumental methods of research were used. All women with HIV/HCV and coinfection underwent indirect liver elastometry. The list of radiation research methods included PET/CT with FDG and MRI of the brain. Statistical processing and comparison of the results was carried out using MS Excel 2010 and GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software, Inc., USA) in accordance with the standards of mathematical statistics. The criterion of statistical significance of the findings was the value of p<0.01. Results and discussion. According to the criteria for inclusion in the study, patients in the comparison groups had an acceptable level of social adaptation, satisfactory indicators of the immune status, in 2⁄3 cases they achieved virological suppression against the background of antiretroviral therapy. HCV RNA was detected in 25 women (69.4%), pronounced manifestations of fibrotic changes in the liver were found in 6 (12.8%) patients. Radiation studies of the CNS revealed structural changes in 1⁄3 of cases, disorders of glucose metabolism of various localizations in all women with HIV/CHC. In patients with co-infection, compared with women infected with HIV, hypometabolism of glucose in various parts of the brain is significantly more often detected. Conclusion. As a result of a comprehensive clinical and neuroimaging examination, certain changes in the metabolic function of the brain were identified, which are characteristic of women with HIV/HCV co-infection. The use of PET/CT with FDG in some cases makes it possible to detect preclinical signs of VANR, as well as possible early manifestations of neurological disorders. Key words: human immunodeficiency virus, viral hepatitis C, HCV, chronic hepatitis C, CHC, women of reproductive age, central nervous system, PET, MRI, structural changes, metabolic disorders>˂ 0.01.Results and discussion. According to the criteria for inclusion in the study, patients in the comparison groups had an acceptable level of social adaptation, satisfactory indicators of the immune status, in 2⁄3 cases they achieved virological suppression against the background of antiretroviral therapy. HCV RNA was detected in 25 women (69.4%), pronounced manifestations of fibrotic changes in the liver were found in 6 (12.8%) patients. Radiation studies of the CNS revealed structural changes in 1⁄3 of cases, disorders of glucose metabolism of various localizations in all women with HIV/CHC. In patients with co-infection, compared with women infected with HIV, hypometabolism of glucose in various parts of the brai","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43232073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B and D viruses in HIV-infected persons in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam","authors":"Y. Ostankova, A. Semenov, E. B. Zueva, E. Serikova, A. Shchemelev, D. Valutite, H. K. T. Huynh, A. Totolian","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-46-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-46-58","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B and D viruses among HIV-infected residents of South Vietnam.Materials and methods. The study material was represented by 316 blood serum samples collected from HIV-infected residents of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam taking antiretroviral therapy. The subjects were examined for the presence of HBV markers with a qualitative detection of HBsAg, HBs IgG, HBcore IgG, anti-HDV, DNA HBV, and RNA HDV. HBV and HDV complete genomes nucleotide sequences were obtained for 23 samples from HIV+HBV+HDV co-infected patients. Amplification and subsequent sequencing of HBV and HDV were performed using nested PCR with pair’s overlapping primers jointly flanking the complete HBV and HDV genomes, respectively.Results. Serological markers of HBV and HDV were presented in the following ratios: HBsAg — 9.17%, anti-HBs Ig G — 10.44%, anti-HBcore Ig G — 42.08%, total anti-HDV — 9.81%. HBV DNA was detected in 32.58% of cases, including 23.41% of HBsAg-negative individuals. HDV RNA was detected in 24.13% of HBsAg-positive individuals and 21.62% of HBsAg-negative, which amounted to 22.33% of HBV-positive individuals and 7.27% of the total group, respectively. In phylogenetic analysis, HBV subgenotype B4 (60.89%) prevailed among HIV-infected patients compared to C1 (21.73%), B2 (8.7%), C2 (4.34%) and C5 (4.34%). Phylogenetic analysis of HDV nucleotide sequences showed the prevalence of HDV genotype 1 (78.26%) compared to genotype 2 (21.74%). The hepatitis Delta virus prevalence in patients with HIV+HBV coinfection, and the prevalence of seronegative HDV in patients with OBI indicate the need to use PCR in hepatitis highly endemic regions for hepatitis B and hepatitis D screening of the general population and especially those at-risk groups. ","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46821463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kidney damage in HIV infection: pathogenetic aspects, clinical and morphological variants and the role of antiretroviral therapy","authors":"I. T. Murkamilov, K. Aitbaev, V. Fomin, G. A. Murkamilova, F. Yusupov, A. Schastlivenko","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-25-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-25-36","url":null,"abstract":"The review analyzes the prevalence and pathogenetic aspects of HIV infection. The main clinical and morphological variants of kidney damage in HIV infection are outlined. The prevalence of kidney damage in HIV infection is 20–30%, which are represented by such clinical and morphological variants as HIV-associated nephropathy (VAN), immunocomplex HIV-associated kidney disease, and thrombotic microangiopathy. In patients with HIV infection who are not treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) the most common type of kidney disease is HIVAT. A decrease in the number of CD4+ cells, high viral load, advanced age, and the presence of kidney pathology in the next of kin are risk factors for the development of HIVAT. Specific risk factors for kidney damage in HIV infection are the use of antiretroviral drugs (tenofovir), the uncontrolled use of which is accompanied by tubular dysfunction. In HIV infection, the degree of immunodeficiency correlates with the severity of kidney damage. The most common histopathological manifestations of kidney damage in individuals with HIV infection are focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. Hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, and reduced CD4+ cells are predictive of renal failure in HIV infection. In patients with HIV infection who are treated with ART the appearance of hypokalemia, nocturia, polyuria, microhematuria, and/or subnephrotic proteinuria is indicative of tubulointerstitial disease. To assess the total filtration function of the kidneys in people with HIV infection, the most acceptable formula is CKD-EPI. ","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43582044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on other infections in Northwest Russia","authors":"N. Belyakov, E. Boeva, O. E. Simakina, Y. Svetlichnaya, S. Ogurtsova, S. L. Serebryakova, E. Esaulenko, Z. Zagdyn, A. Yazenok, D. Lioznov, I. Stoma","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-7-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-1-7-24","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose statement is to assess the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the epidemics of HIV infection, viral hepatitis C (HCV), tuberculosis, influenza, and acute respiratory infections in the North-Western Federal District (NWFD) of the Russian Federation during two years of spreading COVID-19 from the standpoint of the possible formation of syndemia or interference between pathogens.Materials and methods. Data collection on HIV infection and HCV was carried out by Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology at St. Petersburg Medical Information and Analytical Center using data from federal state statistical observation forms and our own research materials. The indicators of excess mortality from all causes for 2020 in the Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) and in the Russian Federation were analyzed according to the data of the Federal State Statistics Service (ROSSTAT). The results of epidemiological surveillance of HIV infection, viral hepatitis C (HCV), and tuberculosis in the Russian Federation and in the NWED in 2020 and 2021 in comparison with previous years are summarized. Studies of influenza and SARS were carried out by Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza and Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology in cooperation with regional support bases. PCR detection of ARVI pathogens was carried out.Results and discussion. An analysis of epidemic indicators across the territories of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation made it possible to identify the following features: heterogeneity of the incidence of COVID-19 in the population in terms of time and intensity; the prevalence of morbidity in the metropolis (St. Petersburg) and industrial northern regions (the republics of Karelia and Komi). In a comparative aspect, the NWFD belongs to regions with high morbidity and mortality in the Russian Federation. St. Petersburg (378 deaths per 100,000 people in 2021) ranks second after Moscow. In turn, the Vologda, Murmansk, and Arkhangelsk regions, as well as the Komi Republic are among the top ten of the most affected subjects of the Russian Federation in the country. In terms of mortality, St. Petersburg was significantly ahead of all other subjects of the Russian Federation and the national average, which had several probable reasons. The first and second years of the pandemic did not reveal significant changes in epidemic rates of morbidity and mortality from other socially significant infections — HIV, HCV, and tuberculosis at the population level characteristic interference of viruses, where SARS-CoV-2 took the place of interfering, and influenza and SARS pretending or interfering pathogens. It took several months until the beginning of winter 2020 to crowd out seasonal respiratory infections by SARS-CoV-2. Then SARS-CoV-2 tightly captured the epidemic space, leaving no room for traditional respiratory infections, which accounted for less than 5% in early","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43111768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and risk factors of extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic HCV and HCV/HIV infection","authors":"N. V. Dunaeva, M. Pervakova, A. S. Mazing, S. Lapin","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-53-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-53-63","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. To study the incidence and risk factors for the development of extrahepatic manifestations like arthralgias, cutaneous manifestations of vasculitis, polyneuropathy, xerophthalmia, Raynaud’s syndrome, chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with chronic HCV infection, and HCV/HIV co-infection.Materials and methods. The cohort study included 331 patients: 254 people with HCV, 77 — with HCV/HIV.Results. Extrahepatic manifestations were detected in 50% of HCV patients and 70% of HCV/HIV patients (p=0,002). Among patients with HCV and HCV/HIV the most common were joint lesions (42% vs 46%, p=0,563), skin rashes (20% vs 25%, p=0,345), polyneuropathy (13% vs 17%, p=0,441), CKD (11% vs 35%, p<0,001), less often Raynaud’s syndrome (3% vs 8%, p=0,076) and xerophthalmia (5% vs 4%, p=0,661). The logistic regression model revealed a significant relationship between the development of one or more extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic HCV infection with cryoglobulinemia (p<0,001), the presence of HIV infection (p<0,001), and age (p=0,007). However, logistic regression models tested for each of the studied manifestations revealed a significant effect of HIV infection only on the development of CKD (p<0,001), while cryoglobulinemia possessed significant risk factors for each of the manifestations, except xerophthalmia. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a high incidence of extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic HCV and HCV/HIV infection, also a significant role of HIV co-infection for the development of CKD, and the role of cryoglobulinemia in the development of extrahepatic manifestations, except xerophthalmia.","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45440367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological sexuality features in people living with HIV: research analysis","authors":"D. V. Antonova, V. Bocharov, N. S. Chrustaleva","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-77-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-77-89","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to analyze the studies regarding the psychological sexuality features in people living with HIV. These features were considered as a factor contributing to the HIV epidemic growth.Publication analysis methodology. The analysis included works performed from 2010 to 2020 with a legitimate study design.The publication analysis included: the definition of the concepts used, the study of the types of psychological sexuality features, risky sexual behavior, and the comorbidity of HIV with drug addiction.Analysis results. Features of sexual dysfunctions associated with the presence/absence of HIV were revealed in the study. The following negative effects in the sexual sphere of people living with HIV were identified in the study: violation of relationships with a partner and satisfaction of the acceptance and love needs, as well as reduced sexual life. The presence of a certain deficit and fragmentation of modern foreign publications and an insufficient number of domestic publications on the topic of research has been established. ","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49030251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infections as a cause of medical and social problems","authors":"V. Rassokhin","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-101-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-101-109","url":null,"abstract":"On November 18–19, 2021, the XIII Scientific and Practical Conference with national participation «HIV infection and immunosuppression was held in St. Petersburg. Socially significant infections as a cause of medical and social problems».","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48981259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of substance abuse, violence, HIV/AIDS (SAVA) syndrome among injecting drug users in six cities of Russian Federation","authors":"A. N. Barinova, A. Lebedeva, N. Ladnaya, B. Tayts, E. Zaytseva, S. Plavinskij, O. Leonova","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-45-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-45-52","url":null,"abstract":"Study of the peculiarity of HIV spread, first of all in the cities led to the formulation of syndemic concept — mutually enhancing set of social, behavioral and biological characteristics of which most frequently mentioned is a combination of substance abuse, victimization (experience of violence) and presence of HIV-infection or AIDS (SAVA syndrome). The prevalence of this syndemic is not studied in detail in Russian Federation.The goal of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of this syndrome and its components among injecting drug users in six cities in the Russian Federation.Results and discussion. The summary prevalence of the full SAVA was 12,3% (95% CI=10,0–14,.6%), but there were significant differences between cities especially between St. Petersburg and Krasnoyarsk (18,9% vs 6,7%, р=0,031). Prevalence of incomplete SAVA syndrome (without the mandatory presence of HIV/AIDS) was 66,0% (95% CI=62,4–69,6%) the and majority of respondents (96,8%) had up to 4 SAVA components. There were no statistically significant differences in SAVA prevalence depending on gender. SAVA is relatively highly prevalent among IDU in participating cities and does not relate to respondents’ gender.","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46473215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}