Journal of Urban Ecology最新文献_第7页

Life in the fast lane: roadkill risk along an urban–rural gradient 快车道上的生活:沿着城乡梯度的道路死亡风险

Journal of Urban Ecology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1093/JUE/JUAA039

Eleri Kent, Amy L. W. Schwartz, S. Perkins

{"title":"Life in the fast lane: roadkill risk along an urban–rural gradient","authors":"Eleri Kent, Amy L. W. Schwartz, S. Perkins","doi":"10.1093/JUE/JUAA039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JUE/JUAA039","url":null,"abstract":"Wildlife-vehicle collisions are a major cause of mortality in animal populations and can cause significant population-level effects. Urban areas are typically associated with higher road densities and unique wildlife communities in comparison to rural areas, and therefore have the potential to be associated with high numbers of collisions, and roadkill risk. Here, we use a citizen science database of wildlife roadkill and species distribution models to assess how roadkill risk (probability of roadkill observation per km2) varied along an urban–rural gradient for British wildlife. Roadkill risk was positively associated with road density, until around 5000 m/km2, a value representing villages or the outskirts of towns and cities. Beyond 5000 m/km2, risk remained high for some species (hedgehog, fox, pigeons and gulls) but reduced for other species (badger, rabbit, pheasant). Roadkill risk was a function of live species distribution for badger, hedgehog and rabbit, with significant overlap between spatial patterns of roadkill risk and the species’ live distribution. This was not the case for fox, pheasant, pigeons and gulls. Fox roadkill risk was underrepresented in rural areas, possibly due to low road density, while pheasant risk was overrepresented. For pigeons and gulls—well-known urban exploiters—roadkill risk was overrepresented in urban areas given their live distributions, possibly due to risks associated with foraging, particularly roadkill scavenging by gulls. Our results highlight the dangers of the UK’s dense road networks to wildlife, even to species considered adapted to urban environments and human disturbance.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43958629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Habitat use by wandering pet cats (Felis catus) in a patchy urban environment 流浪宠物猫(Felis catus)在杂乱的城市环境中使用栖息地

Journal of Urban Ecology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab019

Loren L. Fardell, Lauren I. Young, C. Pavey, C. Dickman

{"title":"Habitat use by wandering pet cats (Felis catus) in a patchy urban environment","authors":"Loren L. Fardell, Lauren I. Young, C. Pavey, C. Dickman","doi":"10.1093/jue/juab019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juab019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pet cats (Felis catus) often have negative effects on wildlife. This is of growing concern in urban areas as these are increasingly becoming hotspots of native wildlife activity, and as the human population increases, so too does the pet cat population. To maintain biodiversity in urban areas, further knowledge on pet cat behaviour and impacts is required so that management strategies for pet cats are well informed and have public and government support. Here, we offer insights into the wandering activity of pet cats in a patchy urban—heavily vegetated landscape on the east coast of Australia. Our estimated pet cat movement ranges were generally larger than those previously observed in similar landscapes, as well as in more urbanized and rural habitats. Using GPS data loggers, we found that pet cats did not utilize vegetated spaces more than urban areas, nor did they prefer them relative to their availability. Half of our study cats selected urban habitats, whilst the other half displayed no selection or a slight preference for vegetated spaces; these cats had fewer barriers to overcome to reach them. We did not observe any large differences in movements or habitat use between day and night, but displacement distances and preference for vegetated space habitat were marginally lower at night. All pet cats monitored spent most of their time outside their houses. As both urban and vegetated spaces in patchy urban landscapes provide habitat for native wildlife, pet cat activity across both habitat types requires management action.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42522361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Evaluating human–coyote encounters in an urban landscape using citizen science 利用公民科学评估城市景观中人类与郊狼的相遇

Journal of Urban Ecology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1093/jue/juaa032

D. Drake, S. Dubay, M. L. Allen

{"title":"Evaluating human–coyote encounters in an urban landscape using citizen science","authors":"D. Drake, S. Dubay, M. L. Allen","doi":"10.1093/jue/juaa032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juaa032","url":null,"abstract":"Coyotes are ubiquitous in habitats across North America, including in urban areas. Reviews of human–coyote encounters are limited in scope and analysis and predominantly document encounters that tend to be negative, such as human–wildlife conflict, rather than benign experiences. The objective of our study was to use citizen science reports of human–coyote interactions entered into iNaturalist to better understand the range of first person accounts of human–coyote encounters in Madison, WI. We report 398 citizen science accounts of human–coyote encounters in the Madison area between October 2015 and March 2018. Most human–coyote encounters occurred during coyote breeding season and half of all encounters occurred in moderate development land cover. Estimated level of coyote aggressiveness varied significantly, with 90% of citizen scientists scoring estimated coyote aggression as a 0 and 7% scoring estimated aggression as a 1 on a 0–5 scale (with 0 being calm and 5 being aggressive). Our best performing model explaining the estimated distance between the human observer and a coyote (our proxy for a human–coyote encounter) included the variables distance to nearest paved road, biological season of the year relative to coyote life history, and time of day/night. We demonstrate that human–coyote interactions are regularly more benign than negative, with almost all first-hand reported human–coyote encounters being benign. We encourage public outreach focusing on practices that can foster benign encounters when educating the public to facilitate human–coyote coexistence.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jue/juaa032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41484516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Homeowner preferences drive lawn care practices and species diversity patterns in new lawn floras 房主的偏好推动了草坪护理实践和新草坪植物群的物种多样性模式

Journal of Urban Ecology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab015

T. L. Fuentes

{"title":"Homeowner preferences drive lawn care practices and species diversity patterns in new lawn floras","authors":"T. L. Fuentes","doi":"10.1093/jue/juab015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juab015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Households intensively manage lawns to create uniformly green, low diversity plant communities. Because lawns occupy a large proportion of urban green space, they are a crucial case for understanding how people manipulate urban vegetation. In this study, I focused on 58 homeowners who purchased a newly constructed home and yard in the Seattle Metropolitan Statistical Area, USA, to see how preferences, lawn care regimes and new lawn floras develop within a multi-scalar urban environment. A typical homeowner watered 3 times in spring, watered 24 times in summer, applied fertilizer twice, mowed 21 times and edged 15 times. Most new lawn turfgrasses were Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis and/or Festuca spp. Mean species richness was 6.5 ± 5.3 species. The most frequent species were non-native and cosmopolitan (turfgrasses, Hypochaeris radicata, Taraxacum officinale and Trifolium repens). Five variables increased the probability of homeowners managing their lawns as turfgrass monocultures: living in a neighborhood with larger yards, summer watering frequency, fertilizer frequency, valuing space for children and valuing wildlife habitat. Valuing an easy to manage yard decreased the turfgrass monoculture probability. In polyculture yards, having a larger lawn was positively correlated with non-turfgrass species richness, but elevation was negatively correlated. Homeowners who valued space for children appeared to have more intensive lawn care regimes than those who valued wildlife habitat or easy to manage yards. Although lawn floras result from complex interactions of the environment and households, urban characteristics appeared to be weaker drivers of diversity than homeowner preferences and lawn care.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42180055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Nutrient availability in urban food waste: carbohydrate bias in the Philadelphia–Camden urban matrix 城市食物垃圾中的营养可利用性:费城-卡姆登城市基质中的碳水化合物偏好

Journal of Urban Ecology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1093/JUE/JUAB012

Melissa Carpenter, A. Savage

{"title":"Nutrient availability in urban food waste: carbohydrate bias in the Philadelphia–Camden urban matrix","authors":"Melissa Carpenter, A. Savage","doi":"10.1093/JUE/JUAB012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JUE/JUAB012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Urban areas provide animals with both a unique set of challenges and resources. One of the novel resources available in urban areas is an abundance of human food waste. Although it is known that many urban-dwelling animals are consuming human food waste at some level, there is not a good understanding of the nutrients provided by this novel resource. Given that human food waste is unlikely to resemble an animal’s natural diet, there could be health consequences for an animal consuming human food waste. In some animals, nutritional imbalances can also lead to behavioral changes, making it important to understand more precisely what they are eating. To answer the question of what nutrients were available in urban food waste, we surveyed food waste in the Philadelphia–Camden urban matrix. We found that human food waste contained ∼1000% more carbohydrates than other nutrient types. Given the impact that carbohydrate-rich diets can have on human health, there may be important consequences for the animals in urban environments that consume this food waste. Therefore, it is possible that human food subsidies have cascading consequences for entire communities and their ecosystem services in cities.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46868472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Breeding habitat selection of urban peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) in London 伦敦城市游隼的繁殖生境选择

Journal of Urban Ecology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab017

Brandon Mak, R. Francis, M. Chadwick

{"title":"Breeding habitat selection of urban peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) in London","authors":"Brandon Mak, R. Francis, M. Chadwick","doi":"10.1093/jue/juab017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juab017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Understanding habitat selection by individual animals within their home range is crucial to facilitating their conservation. Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) populations are increasingly urbanised, but little is known about their urban habitat use. In this study, we analysed the breeding habitat selection of peregrine falcons in London, United Kingdom, based on nest site locations identified through records of public sightings submitted to an online database between 2003 and 2018. We found peregrines displayed a preference for nesting in proximity to waterbodies, built-up areas and public parks and gardens, while wooded, agricultural and allotments areas were least preferred. We hypothesise that peregrines seek contrasting topography that proves advantageous for hunting in the vicinity of their nests, resulting in their selection of breeding sites within tall buildings that are adjacent to suitable foraging areas. From these findings, we conclude that (i) social drivers such as demand for green spaces and waterbodies near buildings shape peregrine nesting opportunities in the city and (ii) for urban planning to support conservation, we need further understanding of how each type of greenspace may be used differentially by raptors.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44685655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sugar water feeding practices are associated with bird species composition in urban backyards 糖水喂养与城市后院的鸟类组成有关

Journal of Urban Ecology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab018

D. A. Erastova, J. A. Galbraith, K. Cain, Y. van Heezik, Antoine Filion, M. Stanley

{"title":"Sugar water feeding practices are associated with bird species composition in urban backyards","authors":"D. A. Erastova, J. A. Galbraith, K. Cain, Y. van Heezik, Antoine Filion, M. Stanley","doi":"10.1093/jue/juab018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juab018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Feeding backyard birds with sugar water is increasingly popular in urban areas, but it has poorly understood effects on bird assemblages. In New Zealand, ca. 20% of households engaged in feeding wild birds use sugar water, often in an attempt to attract native, nectarivorous birds. Developing best practices for sugar water feeding could be a powerful tool for attracting these species in urban areas. However, it is currently unclear whether these feeders actually support native species, and, if so, which feeding practices are most effective in increasing visitation. We surveyed New Zealanders who provide sugar water to birds about their feeding practices via an online questionnaire. The aim of our research was to understand existing practices and their effect on attracting native species, as well as the motivations and social factors behind urban sugar water bird feeding. Our results show that this practice is popular throughout the country with the majority of households successful in attracting native nectarivorous species to their gardens. Sugar water feeder type had the largest effect on reported species richness at feeders in comparison to other factors (e.g. sugar concentration). Feeders specifically designed for nectarivorous birds, namely the Tui Nectar Feeder™, are more successful at attracting natives in comparison to other commonly used feeder types. Thus, individual householder decisions around feeder use can have important consequences for bird species composition in urban gardens. Future research is needed to understand the consequences of sugar water feeding for bird communities and individual bird health.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44188624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Urban waste no replacement for natural foods—Marabou storks in Botswana 城市垃圾无法替代天然食物——博茨瓦纳的马拉布鹳

Journal of Urban Ecology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1093/JUE/JUAB003

R. Francis, R. Kingsford, Michael Murray-Hudson, K. Brandis

{"title":"Urban waste no replacement for natural foods—Marabou storks in Botswana","authors":"R. Francis, R. Kingsford, Michael Murray-Hudson, K. Brandis","doi":"10.1093/JUE/JUAB003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JUE/JUAB003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We compared diets of marabou storks Leptoptilos crumenifer foraging from urban landfills and natural areas in northern Botswana using stable isotope analyses and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on moulted feathers. There were significant differences in the diet of marabous foraging from natural areas compared to urban waste sites, reflected by lower δ13C and less enriched δ15N concentrations in those feeding at landfills, suggesting a shift in trophic niche. Feathers from birds foraging at landfills also had significantly higher concentrations of chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc and lower levels of cadmium and potassium than feathers sampled from natural areas. We also analysed marabou regurgitant (42 kg, naturally expelled indigestible food resources) from the Kasane landfill site. More than half was plastic, with single regurgitants weighing up to 125 g. Urban waste stored in open air landfills is altering some marabou diets, affecting their natural trophic niche, resulting in the consumption (and regurgitation) of large amounts of plastic, and exposing marabou to potentially chronic levels of trace metals. Despite the marabou’s apparent resilience to this behavioural shift, it could have long-term effects on the population of the marabou stork, particularly considering Botswana has some of the few regular marabou breeding colonies in southern Africa.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/JUE/JUAB003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42038364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Spring foraging movements of an urban population of grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) 城市灰头狐种群的春季觅食运动

Journal of Urban Ecology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1093/JUE/JUAA034

W. Boardman, D. Roshier, T. Reardon, Kathryn Burbidge, Adam McKeown, D. Westcott, C. Caraguel, T. Prowse

{"title":"Spring foraging movements of an urban population of grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus)","authors":"W. Boardman, D. Roshier, T. Reardon, Kathryn Burbidge, Adam McKeown, D. Westcott, C. Caraguel, T. Prowse","doi":"10.1093/JUE/JUAA034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JUE/JUAA034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Flying foxes provide ecologically and economically important ecosystem services but extensive clearing and modification of habitat and drought combined with the planting of commercial and non-commercial trees across various landscapes, has meant flying foxes in Australia are increasingly seeking foraging resources in new areas. In 2011, grey-headed flying foxes formed a camp in Adelaide, South Australia, outside their previously recorded range. We used global positioning system telemetry to study the movements and foraging behaviour of this species in Adelaide in spring (September to November) 2015. High-frequency location data were used to determine the foraging range and the most frequently visited foraging sites used by each bat which were ground-truthed to identify forage plants. A total of 7239 valid locations were collected over 170 nights from four collars. Despite being a highly mobile species, the mean core foraging range estimate was only 7.30 km2 (range 3.3–11.2 km2). Maximum foraging distance from the camp in the Botanic Park was 9.5 km but most foraging occurred within a 4-km radius. The most common foraging sites occurred within the residential area of Adelaide and included introduced forage plant species, Lemon-scented gum (Corymbia citriodora) and Port Jackson fig (Ficus rubiginosa). Other observed movement activities included dipping behaviour on inland and marine waters and travel across flight paths around Adelaide airport. Our findings suggest that urban habitats in Adelaide provide sufficient foraging resources for grey-headed flying foxes to use these areas exclusively, at least in spring. This creates substantial opportunities for bats to interact with humans and their infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/JUE/JUAA034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43542091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Comparison of beaver density and foraging preferences between urban and rural riparian forests along the South Saskatchewan River, Canada 加拿大南萨斯喀彻温河沿岸城市和农村河岸林海狸密度和觅食偏好的比较

Journal of Urban Ecology Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab021

Kirby England, C. Westbrook

{"title":"Comparison of beaver density and foraging preferences between urban and rural riparian forests along the South Saskatchewan River, Canada","authors":"Kirby England, C. Westbrook","doi":"10.1093/jue/juab021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juab021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Beavers have recolonized much of their historic range throughout the northern hemisphere and numerous studies have documented their habitat preferences and foraging behavior in rural riparian areas. Beavers, however, are also recolonizing waterways in cities, yet there has been little study of habitat use and foraging practices in these managed, urban systems. We studied beaver lodge distribution and riparian foraging preferences along the South Saskatchewan River, Canada, comparing a reach (24 km) passing through the City of Saskatoon where beavers and trees are managed with an upstream reach (29 km) passing through a conservation area where neither beavers nor trees are managed. In a canoe-based census at low flow, we found that beaver density in the conservation area was twice that in the city. Lodges were dispersed in the city with longer water-based distances between them. We found both differences and similarities in beaver foraging behavior. Riparian tree sampling along transects revealed that while diversity in the city and conservation area is markedly different, beavers preferentially cut green ash, Manitoba maple, paper birch and three poplars in both places. Beavers also cut six other tree species in the city, including three that are introduced, but the diversity was higher. A least-squares general linear model showed greater probability of cutting of trees further from the river in the city than conservation area, but of smaller diameter. Study results will be useful to urban planners in managing urban riparian forests and in developing beaver management plans.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47881009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3