Journal of Hydrology X最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of flood hazard assessment criteria for pedestrians with a refined mechanics-based method","authors":"G. Musolino,&nbsp;R. Ahmadian,&nbsp;R.A. Falconer","doi":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Floods have caused severe destruction and affected communities in different ways throughout history. Flood events are being exacerbated by climate change and hence it is increasingly necessary to have a more accurate understanding of various aspects of flood hazard, particularly for pedestrians. The focus of this study is therefore to investigate different criteria to assess the flood hazard for pedestrians and to propose improvements in assessing such hazards. The revised mechanics-based approach reported herein gives results based on a full physical analysis of the forces acting on a body and can be universally applied as the method can be fine-tuned for different region of the world. The results from flood hazard assessments can be used to: design evacuation plans, improve resilience of sites prone to flooding and plan more resilient future developments. Extreme flood events in the UK and documented for Boscastle (2004) and Borth (2012) were used as case studies. Two approaches were considered, including: (i) a mechanics-based approach, and (ii) an experimental-based approach, with the criteria for the stability of pedestrians in floods being compared for the criteria used by regulatory authorities in Australia, Spain, UK and USA. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the mechanics-based methods are preferable in determining flood hazard rating assessments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46183051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A synthetic experiment to investigate the potential of assimilating LAI through direct insertion in a land surface model","authors":"Azbina Rahman ,&nbsp;Xinxuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuan Xue ,&nbsp;Paul Houser ,&nbsp;Timothy Sauer ,&nbsp;Sujay Kumar ,&nbsp;David Mocko ,&nbsp;Viviana Maggioni","doi":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluates the potential of assimilating phenology observations using a direct insertion (DI) method by constraining the modeled terrestrial carbon dynamics with synthetic observations of vegetation condition. Specifically, observations of leaf area index (LAI) are assimilated in the Noah-Multi Parameterization (Noah-MP) land surface model across the continental United States during a 5-year period. An observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) was developed to understand and quantify the model response to assimilating LAI information through DI when the input precipitation is strongly biased. This is particularly significant in data poor regions, like Africa and South Asia, where satellite and re-analysis products, known to be affected by significant biases, are the only available precipitation data to drive a land surface model. Results show a degradation in surface and rootzone soil moisture after assimilating LAI within Noah-MP, but an improvement in intercepted liquid water and evapotranspiration with respect to the open-loop simulation (a free run with no LAI assimilation). In terms of carbon and energy variables, net ecosystem exchange, amount of carbon in shallow soil, and surface soil temperature are improved by the LAI DI, although canopy sensible heat is degraded. Overall, the assimilation of LAI has larger impact in terms of reduced systematic and random errors over the Great Plains (cropland, shrubland, and grassland). Moreover, LAI DA shows a greater improvement when the input precipitation is affected by a positive (wet) bias than the opposite case, in which precipitation shows a dry bias.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49083834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WITHDRAWN: Description of an indirect method (IDPR) to determine spatial distribution of infiltration and runoff and its hydrogeological applications to the French territory","authors":"V. Mardhel, S. Pinson, D. Allier","doi":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100065","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47277305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intense summer floods may induce prolonged increases in benthic respiration rates of more than one year leading to low river dissolved oxygen","authors":"M.G. Hutchins ,&nbsp;G. Harding ,&nbsp;H.P. Jarvie ,&nbsp;T.J. Marsh ,&nbsp;M.J. Bowes ,&nbsp;M. Loewenthal","doi":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The supply of readily-degradable organic matter to river systems can cause stress to dissolved oxygen (DO) in slow-flowing waterbodies. To explore this threat, a multi-disciplinary study of the River Thames (UK) was undertaken over a six-year period (2009–14). Using a combination of observations at various time resolutions (monthly to hourly), physics-based river network water quality modelling (QUESTOR) and an analytical tool to estimate metabolic regime (Delta method), a decrease in 10th percentile DO concentration (10-DO, indicative of summer low levels) was identified during the study period. The assessment tools suggested this decrease in 10-DO was due to an increase in benthic heterotrophic respiration. Hydrological and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) data showed that the shift in 10-DO could be attributed to summer flooding in 2012 and consequent connection of pathways flushing degradable organic matter into the river. Comparing 2009–10 and 2013–14 periods, 10-DO decreased by 7.0% at the basin outlet (Windsor) whilst median DOC concentrations in a survey of upstream waterbodies increased by 5.5–48.1%. In this context, an anomalous opposing trend in 10-DO at one site on the river was also identified and discussed. Currently, a lack of process understanding of spatio-temporal variability in benthic respiration rates is hampering model predictions of river DO. The results presented here show how climatic-driven variation and urbanisation induce persistent medium-term changes in the vulnerability of water quality to multiple stressors across complex catchment systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47401534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shallow aquifer monitoring using handpump vibration data","authors":"Achut Manandhar ,&nbsp;Heloise Greeff ,&nbsp;Patrick Thomson ,&nbsp;Rob Hope ,&nbsp;David A. Clifton","doi":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a novel technology for monitoring changes in aquifer depth using handpump vibration data. This builds on our previous works using data to track handpump usage and facilitate handpump maintenance systems in rural parts of Kenya. Our motivation is to develop a cost-effective and scalable infrastructure to monitor shallow aquifers in regions where handpumps are already part of water infrastructure, but where traditional sources of groundwater monitoring data may be limited or non-existent. The data is generated using accelerometer sensors attached to the handles of nine handpumps in the study site in Kenya, instrumented for a year. These time-series data from handpumps are individually modelled using machine learning methods to track the changes in the water level with respect to the bottom of the rising main. Results show promise in modelling handpump vibration data with machine learning approaches to provide useful aquifer monitoring information from the “accidental infrastructure” of community handpumps. This technology is intended to complement existing hydrogeological modelling, and one of our key future goals is to integrate these machine learning outputs with hydrogeological information to develop more refined and robust models for shallow aquifer monitoring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46327229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal variability of summer precipitation and precipitation extremes and associated large-scale mechanisms in Central Asia during 1979–2018","authors":"Qianrong Ma ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Asaminew Teshome Game ,&nbsp;Yi Chang ,&nbsp;Shuangshuang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The spatiotemporal variability of precipitation extremes dramatically affects various socio-economic activities in dryland. Based on the long-term and high-resolution daily precipitation obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center (CPC), the total summer precipitation (TSP), precipitation extreme and persistent precipitation extreme (PPE) characteristics are revealed in Central Asia (CA) (34.3°N–55.4°N and 46.5°E–96.4°E) during 1979–2018. Results show that TSP, precipitation extreme and PPE in CA are significantly increased and the abrupt increasing occurred mainly in 1998. Additionally, proportion of precipitation extreme in TSP also increases. More significant positive trends of TSP, precipitation extreme and PPE occur in zones of northern Kazakhstan (NKZ) and Tienshan mountain range (TSM). Notably, although PEP in other regions exhibit indistinctive changes, PPE in some particular years abnormally frequent which may leads disasters. Further analyses indicate TSP and precipitation extreme in CA have significant positive correlation with the increasing water vapor transport from the southern boundary. Meanwhile, increasing horizontal moisture advection and enhanced vertical moisture advection, contributes to increasing in TSP and precipitation extreme in NKZ and TSM. In addition, negative phase of East Atlantic/West Russia (EA/WR) may result in the cyclone anomalous and deepened trough over CA, which cooperates with enhanced vertical advection and abnormal south moisture, finally provides favorable conditions for precipitation and precipitation extreme.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72094830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using the sectoral and statistical demand to availability index to assess freshwater scarcity risk and effect of water resource management","authors":"Shinjiro Yano ,&nbsp;Masahiro Yamaguchi ,&nbsp;Eiji Yokoi ,&nbsp;Takuhiro Kanayama ,&nbsp;Akihiro Kubota ,&nbsp;Daikichi Ogawada ,&nbsp;Akiko Matsumura ,&nbsp;Martin Gomez-Garcia ,&nbsp;Raymond Valiant Ruritan ,&nbsp;Taikan Oki","doi":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A more objective assessment of the freshwater scarcity risk at a watershed basis scale contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in which water plays a key role in issues like safe and affordable drinking water, water-related disasters, forest management, biodiversity and ecosystems. Within the SDGs, water scarcity is assessed primarily by using the ratio of withdrawal to availability (WTA). This index has been developed to evaluate the average annual conditions on a broad scale, such as country or large basin. However, there are insufficient cases for assessing specific and detailed risk conditions by using this original WTA concept, due to seasonal and interannual variations of the river discharge and withdrawal volumes. For example, infrastructure (e.g. large dams) and its operation, can drastically change the available water and demand volumes at temporal scales finer than annual. Because recently many daily and monthly records of river discharge and water use have become publicly available, it is possible to conduct water scarcity risk assessments on a monthly basis. By employing these datasets, in this study, we propose to compare volumes of available water and demand by using a Sectoral and Statistical Demand to Availability (SS-DTA) index. The novelty of this index is marked not only by the use of monthly volumes of available and required water but also by how environmental water requirements are included and the statistical relevance of the evaluation. Usually, to determine the available water resources, existing methods deduct from the river discharge the volumes that are required to preserve the surrounding ecosystems. Our proposed method considers the environmental flow requirements as one of the water-demand sectors allowing a simultaneous evaluation of water use that is not possible with existing methods. We applied this method to three representative river basins, two located in Japan (the Tone and the Arakawa River basins) and the Brantas River basin in Indonesia. The results showed the variations of water scarcity risk level through the river operation in each river basin. In the Tone River basin, it was succeeded in a drought year to decrease its risk level from 1 to 0, and to transport sufficient volume of water to the Arakawa River basin through an artificial channel to meet the demands at the same time. In the Brantas River basin, the river operation changed the SS-DTA score from 3 to 2, which means the water scarcity risk level was alleviated, while the main impact of the operation was found in high-water season to decrease the flood risk. Because the number, type, and priority of water demands can be adjusted based on the local situation and all the timeseries data of each demand sector are visualized in parallel, the result includes not only the whole risk level of the river basin but also the practical and specific degree of the risk with demand sector information.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72094831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in seasonality of groundwater level fluctuations in a temperate-cold climate transition zone","authors":"Michelle Nygren ,&nbsp;Markus Giese ,&nbsp;Bjørn Kløve ,&nbsp;Ezra Haaf ,&nbsp;Pekka M. Rossi ,&nbsp;Roland Barthel","doi":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In cold (i.e. boreal, subarctic, snowy) climate zones, dynamic groundwater storage is greatly affected by the timing and amount of snowmelt. With global warming, cold climates in the northern hemisphere will transition to temperate. As temperatures rise, the dominant type of precipitation will change from snow to rain in winter. Further, the growing season is prolonged. This has a direct impact on the aquifer recharge pattern. However, little is known about the effect of changing annual recharge regimes on groundwater storage.</p><p>The present work deduces the impact of shifting climate zones on groundwater storage by evaluating the effect of climate seasonality on intra-annual hydraulic head fluctuations. The work compares intra-annual hydraulic head fluctuations in a temperate-cold climate transition zone (Fennoscandia) from two different periods (1980–1989, 2001–2010). This is done by associating rising vs. declining hydraulic heads with hydrometeorology.</p><p>Due to the northwards migration of the temperate climate zone, there is a shift in seasonality between the two periods. This has a negative impact on groundwater levels, which are significantly lower in 2001–2010, particularly near the climate transition zone. The results demonstrate that increasing temperatures in cold climate regions may change the seasonality of groundwater recharge, by altering the main recharge period from being snowmelt-dominated (spring) to rain-dominated (winter). Additionally, this is connected to the duration of the growing season, which impedes groundwater recharge. The coupled effect of this on groundwater in the study area has led to a significant decrease in groundwater storage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42902868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing tradeoffs of strategies for urban water conservation and fit for purpose water","authors":"Michael R. Neale ,&nbsp;Sybil Sharvelle ,&nbsp;Mazdak Arabi ,&nbsp;Andre Dozier ,&nbsp;Chris Goemans","doi":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Improved understanding of the effects of strategies that reduce demand for traditional water supplies (i.e. conservation and reuse) is important to foster the transition toward resilient municipal water supply systems. This study assesses water demand and cost tradeoffs among strategies in three U.S. cities; Denver, CO; Miami, FL; and Tucson, AZ. A comprehensive set of strategies to reduce demand for traditional supplies were evaluated individually and in combination, including: indoor conservation fixtures, irrigation efficiency, climate appropriate landscape, and use of alternate water sources (i.e. graywater, wastewater, stormwater, and roof runoff). The<!--> <!-->Integrated Urban Water Model (IUWM) is reconciled with the NSGA II<!--> <!-->multiobjective optimization approach to explore tradeoffs and to identify optimal solutions. Results demonstrate differences in the set of optimal water demand reduction strategies across the three study cities due to unique differences in climate, land development patterns, and water use behaviors. Efficient irrigation systems were highly effective across the study cities when considering cost and demand reduction tradeoffs. Stormwater use has large potential for demand reduction even in arid regions, but is a very costly strategy. When alternate water sources are considered, wastewater use for irrigation and graywater use for toilet flushing at the multi-residential scale offer benefits for achieving a balance between cost and demand for traditional supplies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72094832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A parameter parsimonious approach for catchment scale urban hydrology – Which processes are important?","authors":"Thomas Skaugen,&nbsp;Deborah Lawrence,&nbsp;Rengifo Zenon Ortega","doi":"10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Increased urbanization and increased observed precipitation intensity and -frequency due to climate change call for urban hydrological models capable of describing urban flow dynamics in data-scarce areas. A parameter parsimonious rainfall-runoff model, DDDUrban, forced by precipitation and temperature in which most model parameters are estimated from a detailed digital elevation model using GIS or taken from the literature is presented. Snowmelt and evapotranspiration are calculated using an energy balance approach, with proxy models for the energy balance elements driven by temperature and precipitation. The model focusses on subsurface and surface flow processes using an analysis of travel time distributions which indicates that the shape of the urban hydrograph is largely independent of the comparatively very rapid process of water transport in conduits. The model uses an estimate of the distribution of subsurface velocities as a function of saturation. The study shows that the calibrated mean of this distribution agrees with the saturated hydraulic conductivity estimated from infiltration measurements. The model has been calibrated and validated on observed runoff data at a 10 min temporal resolution for two Norwegian catchments in Oslo and Trondheim with acceptable validation results measured by the Kling-Gupta Efficiency criterion (KGE = 0.56–0.69). Simulations show that precipitation infiltrated on permeable areas contributes, on average, to the total flow at a fraction corresponding to the areal fraction of permeable areas. In addition, simulations show that for saturated conditions, a significant part (~30–60%) of the flood peak is derived from saturation excess overland flow. Simulation of snowmelt indicates that a more detailed model for the spatial distribution of snow accounting for snow removal, is needed. The catchment-scale effects of Low Impact Developments in the form of 10 m² raingardens are simulated. In a residential area with 500 houses, 60 raingardens can reduce the flood peaks about 10%. A higher number of raingardens further reduce the flood peaks, but raingardens of too low capacity may increase secondary flood peaks for episodes of multiple heavy precipitation events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36948,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.hydroa.2020.100060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72094829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}