Eurasian Journal of Soil Science最新文献_第3页

Can arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and NPK fertilizer suppress nematodes and improve tuber yield of yam (Dioscorea rotundata ‘cv’ ewuru)? 丛枝菌根真菌和NPK肥料能抑制线虫并提高薯蓣块茎产量吗？

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.18393/EJSS.384515

G. O. Kolawole, Tunmise Moses Haastrup, T. Olabiyi

引用次数: 5

Chemical and microbiological properties in soil cultivated with sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) 甘蔗栽培土壤的化学和微生物特性

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.18393/EJSS.342511

R. Vieira, N. P. Ramos

{"title":"Chemical and microbiological properties in soil cultivated with sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)","authors":"R. Vieira, N. P. Ramos","doi":"10.18393/EJSS.342511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18393/EJSS.342511","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of chemical parameters and microbiological processes related to the nitrogen (N) cycling in an area cultivated with sugarcane (SC), as compared to the native forest area (NF), considered as the reference. The pH value, the total C (C tot ), N (N tot ) contents, the P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, B and Cu contents, the labile carbon (LC) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), microbial biomass N (N mic ), potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) and the urease activity (UA) were determined in soil samples taken at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm. Most of the chemical properties were higher in the NF soil at both depths, except for C tot , N tot and the total K content, which did not present significant differences between the areas at the deeper level. All microbiological processes were higher in the NF soil and showed positive correlations with the total Cu and B contents, demonstrating the importance of these nutrients in the biological N cycling. The higher values obtained for almost all parameters in the NF soil attest to the need for constant monitoring of areas cultivated with sugarcane in order to avoid the adverse effects of soil degradation. The results obtained between the areas, in relation to N cycling processes also demonstrated the suitability of using them as reliable indicators of soil quality.","PeriodicalId":36945,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"109-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45394239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Soil carbon, nitrogen and texture dynamics at root zone and between plants in Riverine plantation of Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Phyllanthus emblica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis 河流流域儿茶、黄柏、余叶和山梨树人工林根区和植物间土壤碳、氮和质地动态

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.18393/EJSS.340719

R. Mandal, I. C. Dutta, P. K. Jha

{"title":"Soil carbon, nitrogen and texture dynamics at root zone and between plants in Riverine plantation of Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Phyllanthus emblica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis","authors":"R. Mandal, I. C. Dutta, P. K. Jha","doi":"10.18393/EJSS.340719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18393/EJSS.340719","url":null,"abstract":"This research was objectively carried out to assess the dynamic of carbon, nitrogen and texture at root zone and location between plants. The plantation of Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Phyllanthus emblica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis of Pragati community forest, Mahottari district, Nepal was selected for this study which was done in 2011. The stratified random sampling was applied to collect soil samples. Altogether 320 soil samples were collected from 0-10, 10-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths. The result showed that soil carbon was about 8.16 t ha -1 at root zone which was only 7.56 t ha -1 at location between plants at 0-10cm depth in Phyllanthus emblica stratum. The soil carbon was the least nearly 2.08 t ha -1 at root zone which was 1.59 t ha -1 at location between plants in Eucalyptus camaldulensis stratum. The carbon percentage was the highest about 1.35% at root zone of Phyllanthus emblica stratum. However, the C/N ratio was the highest about 69:1 at location between plants of Dalbergia sissoo stratum. The texture of soil was loamy sand at root zone in Phyllanthus emblica , Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo plantations while it was sandy at both root zone and between plants of Eucalyptus plantation. Plantations have significant effect on soil carbon and nitrogen at 95% confidence level.","PeriodicalId":36945,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"103-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41362794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Determination of engineering properties of soil on railway track routes (An example of Turkey between the cities of Sivas and Erzincan) 铁路线路上土壤工程性质的测定（以土耳其锡瓦斯市和埃尔津坎市为例）

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.18393/EJSS.314701

S. Goren, K. Gelıslı

{"title":"Determination of engineering properties of soil on railway track routes (An example of Turkey between the cities of Sivas and Erzincan)","authors":"S. Goren, K. Gelıslı","doi":"10.18393/EJSS.314701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18393/EJSS.314701","url":null,"abstract":"Subsurface structure and engineering properties of the Sivas and Erzincan railway route were investigated by using velocities of seismic wave, electrical resistivity, standard penetration test (SPT) data and laboratory results, which were collected from survey sites referred to in this study. For this reason, 62 seismic refraction and vertical electrical resistivity (VES) measurements at 59 points were done along the survey route. Moreover, 11 mechanical boreholes with SPT were drilled. Laboratory tests were applied on soil samples taken from boreholes for geotechnical features. Longitudinal, shear wave velocities and elastic parameters were determined by seismic refraction method, and underground resistivity distribution was calculated by VES and geotechnical data and SPT results were evulated for the subsurface integrity. Engineering properties of a 6.8 km stretch of planned railway alignment in southeastern Sivas were calculated in this study. According to these results, unsuitable segments of the high-speed alignment which have low groundwater level and low bearing capasities which depend on dynamic properties were examined.","PeriodicalId":36945,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"337-349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45059874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Synergistic use of nitrogen and zinc to bio-fortify zinc in wheat grains 氮锌协同强化小麦籽粒锌的研究

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.18393/ejss.306698

M. Akram, N. Depar, M. Y. Memon

{"title":"Synergistic use of nitrogen and zinc to bio-fortify zinc in wheat grains","authors":"M. Akram, N. Depar, M. Y. Memon","doi":"10.18393/ejss.306698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.306698","url":null,"abstract":"Our daily diet is largely contributed by cereals, which have low genetic abilities to amass higher concentrations of micronutrients in their grains. Hence, wide spread deficiencies iron, zinc and other essential nutrients have prevailed. Present study focuses the bio-fortification of Zn in wheat grains, taking advantage of nutrient-nutrient synergy between Zn and N. Three wheat genotypes (NIA-Amber, BWQ-4 and SD-998) were tested in a field experiment following randomized complete block factorial design with three replicates. Urea fertilizer was applied at the rates of 120 (recommended), 150 and 180 kg N ha -1 in combination with three levels of Zn (0, 5 & 10 kg ha -1 ). Outcomes of the experiment revealed that NIA-Amber had the highest grain yield of 6.03 tons/ha against 150 kg N ha -1 and 10 kg Zn ha -1 . Maximum Zn contents of 447.86, 429.56 and 395.56 g ha -1 were observed in BWQ-4, SD-998 and NIA-Amber at 180 kg N ha -1 in combination with 10 kg Zn ha -1 . Maximum enhancement in protein contents was observed in BWQ-4 (743 kg ha -1 ) at 180 kg N ha -1 and combined with 5 kg Zn ha -1 . For NIA-Amber, 180 kg N ha -1 in combination of 10 kg Zn ha -1 proved the most suitable in terms of Zn concentration and other quality attributes. Nitrogen @ 180 kg N ha -1 with 5 kg Zn ha -1 depicted appreciable zinc and protein contents in grains of BWQ-4 and SD-998.","PeriodicalId":36945,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"319-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44620635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Evaluation of soil fertility status of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tarahara, Sunsari, Nepal 尼泊尔孙萨里塔拉哈拉区域农业研究站土壤肥力状况评价

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.18393/EJSS.303512

D. Khadka, S. Lamichhane, S. Shrestha, B. Pant

{"title":"Evaluation of soil fertility status of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tarahara, Sunsari, Nepal","authors":"D. Khadka, S. Lamichhane, S. Shrestha, B. Pant","doi":"10.18393/EJSS.303512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18393/EJSS.303512","url":null,"abstract":"Soil fertility evaluation of an area or region is most basic decision making tool for the sustainable soil nutrient management. In order to evaluate the soil fertility status of the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Tarahara, Susari, Nepal. Using soil sampling auger 81 soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected based on the variability of land. The collected samples were analyzed for their texture, structure, colour, pH, OM, N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn status. The Arc-GIS 10.1 software was used for the preparation of soil fertility maps. The soil structure was granular to sub-angular blocky and varied between brown- dark grayish brown and dark gray in colour. The sand, silt and clay content were 30.32±1.4%, 48.92±0.89% and 20.76±0.92%, respectively and categorized as loam, clay loam, sandy loam, silt loam and silty clay loam in texture. The soil was moderately acidic in pH (5.98±0.08). The available sulphur (2.15±0.21 ppm), available boron (0.08±0.01 ppm) and available zinc (0.35±0.03 ppm) status were very low, whereas extractable magnesium (44.33±6.03 ppm) showed low status. Similarly, organic matter (2.80±0.07%), total nitrogen (0.09±0.004 %), extractable calcium (1827.90±45.80 ppm) and available copper (1.15±0.04 ppm) were medium in content. The available phosphorus (39.77±5.27 ppm), extractable potassium (134.12±4.91 ppm), and available manganese (18.15±1.15 ppm) exhibits high status, while available iron (244.7±19.70 ppm) was very high. The fertilizer recommendation can be done based on determined soil fertility status to economize crop production. Furthermore, research farm should develop future research strategy accordance with the prepared soil data base.","PeriodicalId":36945,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"295-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44153668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Phosphorus release dynamics under phosphate rock and ammonium sulphate in soil amendment 土壤改良剂中磷矿和硫酸铵下磷释放动态

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.18393/EJSS.306535

Kofi A. Agyarko, K. Frimpong, A. Abunyewa

{"title":"Phosphorus release dynamics under phosphate rock and ammonium sulphate in soil amendment","authors":"Kofi A. Agyarko, K. Frimpong, A. Abunyewa","doi":"10.18393/EJSS.306535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18393/EJSS.306535","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to assess the release pattern of available phosphorus in a Togo phosphate rock and ammonium sulphate soil amendment. Treatments were prepared through the combinations of soil, phosphate rock (PR) and ammonium sulphate (AS) fertilizer. The treatments were; Control, 12.5g PR, 25g PR, 12.5g PR+1g AS, 12.5g PR+2g AS, 25.0g PR+1g AS and 25.0g PR+2g AS kg -1 soil. Standard laboratory methods were used to assess pH, available phosphorus (P) and total phosphorus (P). Generally, the pH of treatments decreased to the lowest levels between the 4 th and 6 th weeks after amendment. The AS fertilizer treatments had significantly (p≤0.05) lower pH values than those without. Amendments with the 2gAS kg -1 soil had significantly (p≤0.05) lower mean pH values than those with the 1gAS kg -1 soil. The AS fertilizer treatments also had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher levels of the available P than those without. The higher the amount of the AS in the amendment, the higher the level of the available P concentration. Increase in the level of AS in the amendment also increased the mean value of the available P released. The peaks of available P released were observed between the 6 th and the 8 th weeks, after the lowest pH values had been attained. Decreased soil pH relatively increased the amount of phosphorus released ( y = -12.47x + 111.4; R 2 =0.53). Addition of PR in the treatments increased the total P levels. In conclusion, combined application of AS and PR has the potential to increase soil P availability, which is beneficial to crop farmers.","PeriodicalId":36945,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"312-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45137086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Nutrient release dynamics of an accelerated compost: A case study in an Alfisol and Ultisol 加速堆肥的养分释放动力学:以Alfisol和Ultisol为例

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.18393/EJSS.318795

O. AyanfeOluwa, O. Adeoluwa, V. Aduramigba-Modupe

{"title":"Nutrient release dynamics of an accelerated compost: A case study in an Alfisol and Ultisol","authors":"O. AyanfeOluwa, O. Adeoluwa, V. Aduramigba-Modupe","doi":"10.18393/EJSS.318795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18393/EJSS.318795","url":null,"abstract":"Acceleration of composting process could influence fertilizer-efficiency of the accelerated composts. This study therefore evaluated the nutrient release dynamics of different rates of a commercial accelerated compost ( OBD-plus ) in two soils described as Alfisol and Ultisol, under laboratory incubation study, in order to generate information for simulation under field conditions. Accelerated compost (AC) at the rates of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg N ha -1 , mineral fertilizer (NPK 15-15-15) and conventional compost (CC) at 60 kg N ha -1 , were each mixed with 2 mm sieved soil (Alfisol and Ultisol) in cups, and arranged in a completely randomised design with three replications. Soils without amendment served as control. The treated soils were retrieved at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of incubation (WOI), air dried and analysed for pH, organic C, N, P and K, and data analysed using regression test. The results revealed that the 60 kg N ha -1 AC improved the pH, OC, N. P, K by -2%, 11%, 3%, 141% and 4% respectively, across the WOI, on the average of performance in the two soils, comparable with mineral fertilizer (-5%, 8%, -1%, 76%, 4% respectively) and CC (11%, 40%, 3%, 773%, 10% respectively). The 60 kg N ha -1 AC significantly correlated (p<0.05) with time of incubation only with respect to P (0.934) and gave a similar nutrient release pattern compared with mineral fertilizer and CC, in terms of C, N, P and K in both soils. It therefore showed that the accelerated compost evaluated could mineralize in a way similar to conventional compost and mineral fertilizers, despite its shorter composting duration to maturity.","PeriodicalId":36945,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"350-356"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47841507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Effect of salt stress on concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in root and leaf of strawberry plant 盐胁迫对草莓根系和叶片氮磷浓度的影响

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.18393/EJSS.319198

M. Demiral

{"title":"Effect of salt stress on concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in root and leaf of strawberry plant","authors":"M. Demiral","doi":"10.18393/EJSS.319198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18393/EJSS.319198","url":null,"abstract":"Received : 02.03.2017 Accepted : 23.05.2017 In this study the effect of salt stress on the concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the leaves and the roots of two strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) cultivars (Camarosa and Sweet Charlie) was investigated on cold stored bare-rooted seedlings grown in buckets filled with coarse sand. The treatments consisting of no-NaCl control, 1760, 2400, and 3040 mg L-1 of NaCl in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution were applied to the plants for six months. During the experiment, leaf and root sampling were performed two times with five months interval. Roots and leaves of the plants were analyzed for Na, Cl, N and P. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures was performed in Three Factors Completely Randomized Design for plant analysis results. Additionally orthogonal comparison was applied to the significant salinity effects. Cultivar and sampling time affected N, P, Na and Cl concentrations of the roots significantly. Cultivarsampling time and sampling time-salinity interactions were significant for the N, P and Na concentrations of the roots. Salinity solely affected Cl concentrations of the roots significantly. All the treatments affected the concentrations of P, Na and Cl of the leaves significantly. The N concentrations of the leaves were affected significantly by only sampling time. Cultivar-salinity and sampling time-salinity interactions were found significant in the leaf N concentrations of the plants. The results show that the cultivars probably have different strategies in arrangement of N and P composition under salinity.","PeriodicalId":36945,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"357-364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42382518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Evaluating inverse distance weighting and kriging methods in estimation of some physical and chemical properties of soil in Qazvin Plain 反距离加权和克里格方法在Qazvin平原土壤某些理化性质估计中的应用

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.18393/EJSS.311210

S. R. Mousavi, F. Sarmadian, S. Dehghani, M. R. Sadikhani, A. Taati

{"title":"Evaluating inverse distance weighting and kriging methods in estimation of some physical and chemical properties of soil in Qazvin Plain","authors":"S. R. Mousavi, F. Sarmadian, S. Dehghani, M. R. Sadikhani, A. Taati","doi":"10.18393/EJSS.311210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18393/EJSS.311210","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the presence of accurate information about variability of soil properties been considered more than ever to apply this information in economic modeling, environmental predictions, accurate farming and natural resources management. The present research was conducted in some lands of Qazvin plain to study variability of some chemical and physical properties of soil by sampling 62 observational points in depth of 20 cm above soil surface. Initial statistical study of data indicated that the studied properties follow normal distribution in the region. Spatial variations of the studied properties showed that spherical model was the best fitted model to semivariogramin other properties than silt percent and bulk densityand total porosity. The highest radius for the studied properties was 21100 m related to bulk density, total porosity and electric conductivity and pH. Spatial dependence class was observed medium to strong in all physcial and chemcial properties. To validate intrapolation methods, three indices of evaluation, R 2 , MBE, MAE which indicate accuracy of each of the intrapolation methods were used and results showed that the studied properties had spatial structure, their impact range had good variability and kriging estimator better can show variability of the studied properties in the region in comparison to IDW method. At the end, considering the best interpolation method, spatial variability map of each of the properties was prepared in ArcGIS software .","PeriodicalId":36945,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Soil Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"327-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47123934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14