The freedom of scientific research最新文献_第2页

The freedom of scientific research Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00021

S. Giordano, John Harris, L. Piccirillo

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Reproductive technologies and the family in the twenty-first century 二十一世纪的生殖技术与家庭

The freedom of scientific research Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00014

D. Cutas, A. Smajdor

{"title":"Reproductive technologies and the family in the twenty-first century","authors":"D. Cutas, A. Smajdor","doi":"10.7765/9781526127686.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526127686.00014","url":null,"abstract":"The first IVF baby was born in 1978 in the UK, following an intervention that had not been preceded by any clinical trials. After Louise Brown’s birth, legislators and policymakers rushed to create an ethico-legal framework within which this new development could be practised without outraging public sensibilities. Since then, the speed and direction of scientific research as well as the practice and regulation of reproductive technology have been inexorably shaped by assumptions concerning family, fertility and reproduction. Research towards ever more sophisticated medical technologies for the purpose of the relief of infertility has raised relatively few concerns, provided the procedures were proven to be satisfactorily safe, and insofar as they were used to facilitate and reinforce existing norms about family structure and relationships. Ideas of what a family is (or should be) have a powerful influence on determining which potential technological innovations in human reproduction are developed and funded, and who can access them. Social, legal and biological parenthood did not invariably coincide in the past. Different jurisdictions have various approaches to the ascription of parental rights and responsibilities. However, the default legal position is that a woman who gives birth to a child is that child’s mother and her husband is the father – regardless of whether she is the genetic mother or he the genetic father. Embedded in this view is the expectation that the two members of the married couple are the legal and social parents and also the biological parents of the child. These legal measures have not been extended in the same way to the case of same-sex married couples. Furthermore, the child’s ‘right to know’ her genetic origins, which features as a core argument for transitioning from anonymous to non-anonymous gamete donation in many countries, has not persuaded legislators that children who are born to married couples via sexual reproduction should also be aware of who their genetic father is (Ravelingien and Pennings 2013). These assumptions indicate that biological relationships are subservient to the nuclear family in the eyes of the law – and","PeriodicalId":368881,"journal":{"name":"The freedom of scientific research","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125233701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Advocating a radical change in policies and new models to secure freedom and efficiency in funding and communication of science 倡导彻底改变政策和新模式，以确保科学资助和传播的自由和效率

The freedom of scientific research Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.7765/9781526146472.00022

A. Ballabeni, D. Danovi

{"title":"Advocating a radical change in policies and new models to secure freedom and efficiency in funding and communication of science","authors":"A. Ballabeni, D. Danovi","doi":"10.7765/9781526146472.00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146472.00022","url":null,"abstract":"Threats and obstructions to scientific freedom, fairness and efficiency are commonly perceived as surrounding the scientific world. However, bottlenecks can also occur from within the system itself as some of the current regulations and forces shaping research (referred to here as ‘science policies’) substantially decrease the freedom and motivation of scientists. Indeed, inadequate policies can restrict the ability to perform research, the breadth of the fields of study, the methods of carrying out investigations and the dissemination of findings. Conversely, virtuous policies can have a positive impact on the freedom, quality of work and satisfaction of individual scientists. Importantly, from the societal perspective, the more scientists work freely, broadly and with motivation, the more they produce knowledge, data and innovation for the benefit of society, collectively ameliorating the scientific research system. Unfortunately, ‘science of science’ is in its infancy. There has never been awareness of the importance of policies nor consistent interest in studying them, and specialised journals and articles are very few for several possible reasons. First, many researchers do not perceive the importance of policies for the functioning of science or may simply dislike ‘science of science’ studies and prefer to focus on their discipline. Second, many feel that their individual contribution would not be sufficient to affect the system and see no purpose in sacrificing their time and energy, as in the so-called ‘paradox of voting’ (Downs 1957: 25). Third, or a consequence of all the above, with few academic positions and funding opportunities, the field is at the moment not profitable with regard to career returns. Nonetheless in order to promote research and discussion on policies with a view to improving them, it is of great importance that science policy experts reach out to the rest of the scientific community. It is key to spread awareness of the many possible changes (however small or big) that can affect the freedom, fairness and efficiency of scientific work. Moreover, it","PeriodicalId":368881,"journal":{"name":"The freedom of scientific research","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121258948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Dedication 奉献

The freedom of scientific research Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00002

Simona Giordano, John Harris

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Freedom, law, politics, genes 自由，法律，政治，基因

The freedom of scientific research Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.7765/9781526146472.00016

I. Brassington

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Big science and small science 大科学和小科学

The freedom of scientific research Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00019

L. Piccirillo

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Index 指数

The freedom of scientific research Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00030

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Scientific freedom and responsibility in a biosecurity context 生物安全背景下的科学自由和责任

The freedom of scientific research Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00017

C. Rhodes

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Evidence-based policy and the precautionary principle 循证政策和预防原则

The freedom of scientific research Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.7765/9781526146472.00027

Roberto Baldoli, C. Radaelli

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List of tables 表格一览表

The freedom of scientific research Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00005

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