Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman
{"title":"Bill of Rights","authors":"Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the Colorado Bill of Rights. It focuses on situations in which Colorado rights have significance independent of the federal Bill of Rights. This occurs when a Colorado provision has no federal counterpart or is interpreted to limit state government more strictly than its federal equivalent. An important provision protects privacy against government searches and seizures somewhat more than the federal Fourth Amendment. Others provide protection against retroactive civil laws and provide for condemnation of easements to serve mining and agriculture interests. Explicit provisions protect property rights of alien residents and require owners’ consent to municipal annexations. The chapter also explains Colorado’s unique path to constitutional protection of equal protection of the laws.","PeriodicalId":364814,"journal":{"name":"The Colorado State Constitution","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117310183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Old Age Pensions","authors":"Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, L. Friedman","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190907723.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190907723.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses Article XXIV of the Colorado Constitution, which provides for old age pensions. A 1936 citizens’ initiative added the article to set up the Old Age Pension Fund in the state treasury and entitle the fund to specified revenues. A 1956 initiative amended the article to raise pension revenues, increase pensions, and add a health and medical care fund. It also allows surplus revenue to be used for other purposes. Section 3 sets qualifications for entitlement to a pension. Litigation and statutes have changed eligibility rules over time. Section 6 defines pension amounts, reduced by other retirement or pension income. In practice, because of availability of other pensions, the system has operated with surpluses paid into the general fund.","PeriodicalId":364814,"journal":{"name":"The Colorado State Constitution","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116328227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman
{"title":"Intoxicating Liquor","authors":"Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines former Article XXII of the Colorado Constitution, which governed intoxicating liquor. Original Article XXII, adopted in 1916, was a statewide prohibition law. National Prohibition followed in 1920. As repeal of the national ban loomed in 1932, Article XXII was amended to repeal state prohibition. The amended article gave the general assembly broad power to regulate intoxicating liquors. Statutes delegated significant authority to local governments, but under Article XXII, state law governed any conflict. Repeal of the article in 2009 removed the source of the state’s paramount authority. This raised questions about possible home rule authority of local governments, but so far no dispute has generated a reported judicial decision.","PeriodicalId":364814,"journal":{"name":"The Colorado State Constitution","volume":"5 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124994951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman
{"title":"Counties","authors":"Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt20ks0b4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20ks0b4.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at Article XIV of the Colorado Constitution, governing counties. It defines the state’s counties and specifies detailed procedures for changing them. Section 2 governs designations of country seats, a subject formerly much contested.","PeriodicalId":364814,"journal":{"name":"The Colorado State Constitution","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132094032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman
{"title":"Legislative Department","authors":"Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains Article V of the Colorado Constitution, which structures the legislative department. Original Section 1 vested all of the state’s legislative power in the general assembly. The rest of Section 1—added in 1910 and after—established, defined, and modified powers of citizens’ initiative and veto referendum. Section 3 defines the terms of senators and representatives and imposes term limits. Section 32 defines appropriations bills subject to the governor’s line-item veto, and Section 21 protects that veto power. Sections 20, 22a, and 22b require committee consideration of all bills but also prevent committees and caucus positions from killing bills. Sections 44–48.4 define and empower commissions to redistrict congressional and legislative seats.","PeriodicalId":364814,"journal":{"name":"The Colorado State Constitution","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125327759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman
{"title":"Boundaries","authors":"Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains Article I of the Colorado Constitution, which defines the state’s boundaries. The constitution adopted the boundaries established by Congress under the Organic Act establishing Colorado Territory in 1861, ignoring earlier proposals that used the continental divide as a boundary. The state’s east-west limits are defined by two meridians measured from Washington, D. C. The north-south boundaries are set at 37 and 41 degrees of north latitude. A resurvey of the 37th parallel led to New Mexico’s suit to claim a significant slice of territory, but the Supreme Court rejected the revision based on the standard rule that a resurvey does not change a boundary that has been relied on.","PeriodicalId":364814,"journal":{"name":"The Colorado State Constitution","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123195461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman
{"title":"Ethics in Government","authors":"Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0029","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers Article XXIX of the Colorado Constitution on ethics in government. The article was added by citizens’ initiative in 2006. Its essential purpose was to outlaw gifts defined in Section 3 to public officers, employees, and their families. The section’s stricter ban allows no gift of any value by lobbyists except for campaign contributions; it specifically outlaws meals and beverages. Enforcement is committed to an Independent Ethics Commission (IEC) appointed as specified in Section 5. Since undertaking enforcement of the amendment, IEC has issued numerous decisions. Rulings are often responses to anticipatory requests by public officials, but some address attempts to discredit political opponents.","PeriodicalId":364814,"journal":{"name":"The Colorado State Constitution","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125669021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distribution of Powers","authors":"Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, L. Friedman","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190907723.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190907723.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details Article III of the Colorado Constitution, which defines distribution of powers. The article separates the powers of Colorado’s state government into three departments: legislative, executive, and judicial. The separation doctrine’s general purpose is to prevent excessive concentration of power in a single arm of government. The constitution also pursues this end by dividing legislative power between two houses, providing for an executive veto, providing for direct democracy through the initiative and the veto referendum in Article V, and establishing home rule local governments in Articles XIV and XX. A basic form of separation in American government is for the three branches to have separate officers. Otherwise, the essential issue is whether an action of one branch of state government has overstepped constitutional boundaries.","PeriodicalId":364814,"journal":{"name":"The Colorado State Constitution","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131231017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman
{"title":"Revenue","authors":"Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, Lawrence Friedman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights Article X of the Colorado Constitution, dealing with revenue. It is one of the constitution’s most distinctive sections Detailed provisions lay out the state’s tax structure. Sections 3, 3.5, and 15 are extensive rules for property taxes and their equalization across the state. Sections 4 and 5 exempt public, religious, and charitable property. Sections 17 and 19 authorize and define the state income tax. Section 20, the Taxpayers Bill of Rights or TABOR requires prior voter consent to new or increased taxes and public debt and for public revenue above specified formulas. It also forbids specified taxes. The chapter explains in detail the many legal disputes about interpretation of this section.","PeriodicalId":364814,"journal":{"name":"The Colorado State Constitution","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132720921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recall from Office","authors":"Richard B. Collins, D. Oesterle, L. Friedman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907723.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses Article XXI of the Colorado Constitution, titled “Recall from Office.” Added by citizens’ initiative in 1912, it established the constitutional right of voters to recall and replace public officials by petition and election. Section 1 subjects every “elective public officer of the state” to recall. Section 4 provides that elective officers of counties and cities may be recalled as provided by statute. It includes ambiguous language that can be read to say that every elected officer with governmental authority “shall be subject” to recall. Section 2 details the form of recall petitions, and Section 3 states the procedure for carrying out recalls.","PeriodicalId":364814,"journal":{"name":"The Colorado State Constitution","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127194107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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