{"title":"An Overview of Down's Syndrome","authors":"M. Coleman","doi":"10.1055/s-0028-1089914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1089914","url":null,"abstract":"This era in the history of Down's Syndrome is a challenging and exciting time to be working with Down's syndrome patients. New approaches to stimulation of the central nervous system of Down's syndrome patients, combined with new approaches to medical care for these individuals, have dramatically changed the clinical course of one of the major forms of mental retardation (Fig. 1). The incidence of Down's syndrome varies between 1 and 412 live births (Harlap, 1974) and 1 in 11,023 live births (Stark and Mantel, 1967). Most incidence figures cluster around 1 in every 688 live births, which is the figure from one of the best epidemiologic surveys done (Collman and Stoller, 1962). It is estimated that approximately 9 percent of all retarded individuals have Down's syndrome (Johnston, Speed and Evans, 1976). Historically, the first period in the history of Down's syndrome began in 1866 and lasted for over 90 years. There is evidence in both literature and art (Zellweger et al., 1977) that Down's syndrome patients existed prior to their initial clinical description by Langdon-Down; but from a medical point of view, diagnoses started to be made and patients started to be classified after 1866. Other clinicians (Seguin 1866; Duncan, 1866) also have described patients, but the early authorities all agreed in crediting Langdon-Down with the description of what he called \"mongolian idiocy\" (Penrose and Smith, 1966) (Table 1). Langdon-Down was influenced by contemporary scientific thought, which was dominated by Darwin's work on evolution. He suggested that if disease could break down racial barriers it could also demonstrate the unity of the human species. Thus, he named the patients \"mongol\" because he confused the epicanthic eye fold with the Oriental fold. The ethnic theory never became popular, but the term","PeriodicalId":364385,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Speech, Language and Hearing","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121467269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vestibular Characteristics of the Down's Population","authors":"J. M. Zarnoch","doi":"10.1055/s-0028-1089922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1089922","url":null,"abstract":"The inner ear contains the auditory and vestibular systems, which serve two important functions for man: hearing and equilibrium. Many people erroneously identify hearing as the sole function of the ear, disregarding its vestibular function. Despite the fact that the vestibular system is phylogenetically the older of the two sensory systems of the inner ear, it has attracted considerably less attention. Our knowledge of the auditory system far exceeds that of the ancient vestibular apparatus. A review of the literature reveals an enormous amount of information regarding the importance of early identification, treatment, remediation, and habilitation of hearing loss in children. There is no similar wealth of information related to vestibular disorders in children. And, in the case of Down's syndrome, the importance of both auditory and vestibular function has been greatly underestimated. We know that some children may have vestibular disturbances, yet we do not have an adequate test to determine vestibular function in infants and young children. Even if such a test existed, how would children with vestibular abnormalities be managed? Before we can begin to discuss management of vestibular disorders in VESTIBULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOWN'S POPULATION","PeriodicalId":364385,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Speech, Language and Hearing","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128189933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Speech and Language Programs for the Down's Population","authors":"Barbara H. Yarter","doi":"10.1055/s-0028-1089918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1089918","url":null,"abstract":"Down's syndrome is a condition generally diagnosed at birth, and the use of a wide variety of intervention procedures that can assist the Down's child in his development of speech and language begins. Most importantly, the procedures can be applied at that time in his life when speech and language should naturally be taking form. For most afflicted children, early intervention is necessary in order to offset the influences that impede or prevent speech and language development from taking place. To say that all Down's children will profit from any one technique or from all of them together is erroneous. The children in this population are at least as varied in their developmental needs as are children in the normal population. Typically, however, we see an older Down's child who is seriously deficient in both oral language expression and articulation of speech as compared with his overall functioning ability or his mental age (MA). In addition to these difficulties, and no doubt contributing to them, we see this child demonstrating underdeveloped listening skills, stemming from factors influencing his hearing. Intervention measures designed to offset these deficiencies are discussed in this article.","PeriodicalId":364385,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Speech, Language and Hearing","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125249743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acoustic Impedance Measures in the Down's Population","authors":"J. Northern","doi":"10.1055/s-0028-1089921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1089921","url":null,"abstract":"Impedance audiometry has proved to be especially valuable in the auditory evaluation of difficult-to-test children—including those youngsters with Down's syndrome. The impedance technique is extremely sensitive in differentiating between normal and pathologic middle ears. Impedance measurements, especially tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing, may be used prior to traditional audiometric tests so that the clinician will know what type of hearing impairment to anticipate. Some clinicians prefer to perform tympanometry and acoustic reflex measurement following routine audiometry to confirm pure tone results. In either case, acoustic impedance measurements provide important information concerning the otologic status of all pediatric patients. The Down's child certainly has many potential reasons for presenting with conductive-type hearing impairment. Ear symptoms commonly associated with Down's include small pinnae, narrow external auditory canals, abnormal external ear configuration, and a strong tendency to have otitis media (Rigrodsky, Prunty, and Glovsky, 1961). In addition, it has been suggested that the Down's child may be more susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections than the normal child because of peculiar skull development, which can adversely affect proper drainage of the sinuses and middle-ear spaces (Mclntire, Menolascino, and Wiley, 1965). Thus, with the numerous difficulties that may be encountered when performing routine audiometry with mentally retarded children, impedance measurements often confirm or rule out the presence of conductive-type hearing disorder.","PeriodicalId":364385,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Speech, Language and Hearing","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125078288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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