Veterinary Integrative Sciences最新文献_第2页

Effect of oil and tannin supplementation on intake, milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows 饲粮添加油和单宁对奶牛采食量、产奶量和乳成分的影响

Veterinary Integrative Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.12982/vis.2023.056

Lam Phuoc Thanh, Pham Truong Thoai Kha, Nguyen Thi Thu Ha, Duong Tran Tuyet Mai, Mai Hoan Tu, Tran Thi Thuy Hang

{"title":"Effect of oil and tannin supplementation on intake, milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows","authors":"Lam Phuoc Thanh, Pham Truong Thoai Kha, Nguyen Thi Thu Ha, Duong Tran Tuyet Mai, Mai Hoan Tu, Tran Thi Thuy Hang","doi":"10.12982/vis.2023.056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/vis.2023.056","url":null,"abstract":"Supplementation of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and condensed tannin has been known as a feeding approach to improve healthy fatty acids in ruminant milk, but it can cause an adverse effect on feed intake and animal performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding oil alone or in combination with grape seed tannin extract (GSTE) on feed intake, milk yield and composition of dairy cows. Sixteen low production dairy cows in mid-lactation fed a basal diet based on agro-industrial by-products were arranged to a completely randomized design for a 6-week duration. Animals were fed basal diet without oil and GSTE inclusion (CON), 2.5% DM soybean oil (SBO), 2.5% DM blend of soybean oil and tuna fish oil at 3:2 w:w (SFO), or SFO plus 0.4% DM GSTE (OCT). The results showed that DM intake was reduced (P < 0.05) by 14.4% in OCT relative to CON. Milk yield was not affected by oil and GSTE supplementation, but SFO and OCT strongly depressed milk fat, protein and total solids (P < 0.001). In conclusion, in a low production cow diet based on agro-industrial by-products containing high lipid, supplementation of oil and GSTE should be considered in the aspects of feed intake and milk composition.","PeriodicalId":36378,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Integrative Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of l-arginine and l-lysine supplementation in low-protein feeds on the growth of native chickens in the starter phase 低蛋白饲料中添加l-精氨酸和l-赖氨酸对土鸡发酵期生长的影响

Veterinary Integrative Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.12982/vis.2023.061

Charles Venirius Lisnahan, Oktovianus Rafael Nahak, Lukas Pardosi

{"title":"Effect of l-arginine and l-lysine supplementation in low-protein feeds on the growth of native chickens in the starter phase","authors":"Charles Venirius Lisnahan, Oktovianus Rafael Nahak, Lukas Pardosi","doi":"10.12982/vis.2023.061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/vis.2023.061","url":null,"abstract":"Some feeds that are used as protein sources, such as fish meal and soybean meal, have a relatively high cost. Therefore, synthetic amino acids, such as arginine and lysine, can be used as alternative protein sources. This study determined the effect of L-arginine and L-lysine in low-protein feed on the growth of one- to six-week-old native chickens. A total of 250 one-week-old native chickens were divided into five treatments and five replications based on a completely randomized design. The treatments were T-2 (0.46% L-arginine + 0.42% L-lysine + 19% crude protein), T-1 (0.56% L-arginine + 0.51% L-lysine + 18% crude protein), T0 (0.66% L-arginine + 0.60% L-lysine + 17% crude protein), T+1 (0.76% L-arginine + 0.69% L-lysine + 16% crude protein), and T+2 (0.86% L-arginine + 0.78% L-lysine + 15% crude protein). The highest feed consumption occurred in the T0 and T+1 treatments (612.81±4.82 and 609.00±8.75 g/chick), and the T+1 group had the highest body weight and weight gain (296.08±1.09 kg/chick and 265.48±1.57 g/chick). The highest carcass weight and percentage at T+1 was 177.57±2.04 g/chick and 59.97±0.55%/chick, respectively. The best feed conversion was at T+1 (2.29±0.40). Statistical analysis showed that the treatment had a significant effect on feed consumption, body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, carcass weight, and carcass weight percentage (P<0.05). The levels of 0.76% arginine + 0.69% lysine increased the feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion, and carcass percentage of native chickens. The increase in L-arginine and L-lysine of 0.76 and 0.69% from 0.46 and 0.42%, respectively, suppressed the use of crude protein by 19.00% to 16.00% in the starter phase.","PeriodicalId":36378,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Integrative Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of the Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrhea in calves and lambs 小隐孢子虫在犊牛和羔羊腹泻中的作用

Veterinary Integrative Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.12982/vis.2023.053

Huda Mohammed Kuraa, Safaa Said Malek

{"title":"The role of the Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrhea in calves and lambs","authors":"Huda Mohammed Kuraa, Safaa Said Malek","doi":"10.12982/vis.2023.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/vis.2023.053","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptosporidiosis is an important parasitic disease that leads to morbidity and mortality among young ruminants. In our study, 200 neonatal calves and lambs were examined for Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). The prevalence of infection in cattle calves, buffalo calves and lambs was 38.7%, 22% and 40%, respectively, by microscope and was 82.7%, 84% and 62.7%, respectively using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in Assiut Governorate. The total prevalence in young ruminants was 75.5%. According to the sex, the prevalence in cattle calves, buffalo calves and lambs was 82.1% and 90.5% and 54.2%, respectively in males and was 83.3% and 79.3% and 77.8%, respectively in females. Concerning the age, it was 90.6% and 96.2% and 96% in cattle calves, buffalo calves and lambs, respectively, with age less than 1 month and was 96.6% and 63.6% and 26.9%, respectively, with age 1-2 months. While, it was 35.7% and 76.9% and 66.7% in cattle calves, buffalo calves and lambs, respectively, in age more than 2 to 3 months. The prevalence of cattle calves, buffalo calves and lambs was 97.1%, 90% and 100% of farm rearing, respectively, and was 70%, 75% and 37.8% of household rearing, respectively. The prevalence according to the feces consistency of cattle calves, buffalo calves and lambs was 77.3%, 78.9% and 49% of normal feces, respectively, and was 90.3%, 87.1% and 91.7% of diarrheic feces, respectively. This finding showed a high infection rate with C. parvum in calves and lambs.","PeriodicalId":36378,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Integrative Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of prevalence and antibiotic resistance property as a basis for establishing an efficient treatment of bacteria causing mastitis in beef cows 鉴定流行率和抗生素耐药特性是建立有效治疗肉牛乳腺炎细菌的基础

Veterinary Integrative Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.12982/vis.2023.055

Hoang Diep Tran, Trong Ngu Nguyen

{"title":"Identification of prevalence and antibiotic resistance property as a basis for establishing an efficient treatment of bacteria causing mastitis in beef cows","authors":"Hoang Diep Tran, Trong Ngu Nguyen","doi":"10.12982/vis.2023.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/vis.2023.055","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to examine the occurrence of metritis on reproduction of beef cows. A total of 2,962 cows were examined, and samples were collected from those displaying clinical symptoms of bovine metritis for bacterial analysis. Bacterial species identification was performed using culture and PCR techniques. The findings revealed that bovine metritis affected 5.5% of the reproductive cow population with the presence of Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. at the rates of 87.7%, 61.1%, 59.9% and 17.3%, respectively. The results also demonstrated that Streptococcus spp. was the most prevalent group, while Salmonella spp. had the lowest prevalence across different breeds and litters. However, in the Limousin crossbred cows, the infection rate of E. coli surpassed that of the other bacteria and a significantly higher infection rate for E. coli was observed in litter 4 and litter ≥6 compared to the others. The disk diffusion method was utilized to assess antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolated bacteria. Among the bacteria, marbofloxacin exhibited the lowest prevalence of antibiotic resistance (16.9%), while doxycycline had the highest prevalence (82.2%). All cows recovered from the disease within 3-5 days of treatment, and all of them resumed estrus in the subsequent reproductive cycle. The pregnancy rate ranged from 66.7% to 80.0% for the first insemination in the next reproductive cycle.","PeriodicalId":36378,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Integrative Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Supplementation of different sources of selenium on laying performance, egg quality traits, and shell calcification expressions in 50 weeks Lohmann Brown layer hen reproductive tract 饲粮中添加不同来源硒对50周龄罗曼布朗蛋鸡生殖道产蛋性能、蛋品质及蛋壳钙化表达的影响

Veterinary Integrative Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.12982/vis.2023.049

Nur Izzah Mohd Hemly, Nurafiqah Najwa Zainuddin, Aliyu Ibrahim Muhammad, Loh Teck Chwen, Anjas Asmara Samsudin

{"title":"Supplementation of different sources of selenium on laying performance, egg quality traits, and shell calcification expressions in 50 weeks Lohmann Brown layer hen reproductive tract","authors":"Nur Izzah Mohd Hemly, Nurafiqah Najwa Zainuddin, Aliyu Ibrahim Muhammad, Loh Teck Chwen, Anjas Asmara Samsudin","doi":"10.12982/vis.2023.049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/vis.2023.049","url":null,"abstract":"Massive consumption and exportation of eggs in Malaysia are possible by maintaining and improving layer productive performances and egg quality through antioxidant supplementation such as selenium. The bioavailability of organic selenium in tissues resulted in a preference for organic selenium in poultry diets. The present study assesses the effects of feeding 50 weeks layer hens with sodium selenite, selenised yeast, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, ADS18 as a source of selenium and vitamin E on laying integrity, egg qualities, and reproductive gene expressions. The four different treatments (diets) used in the experiment were tagged as follows: Control: a basal diet containing 100 mg/kg vitamin E, SS: basal diet plus 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite, Se-yeast: basal diet plus 0.3 mg/kg selenised yeast, and VADS18: basal diet plus 0.3 mg/kg ADS18. Productive performances were analysed throughout a 90-days of production. Eggs were collected biweekly, and egg qualities were measured. The uterine and magnum tissues were examined for the genes ovocleidin and ovocalyxin; OCX32, OCX36, OC17 and OC116. The results showed that Se-yeast significantly (P < 0.05) increased laying integrity, while VADS18 supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased egg weight. Supplementation of different selenium sources significantly (P < 0.05) improved egg production and quality. Additionally, uterine gene expression was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by VADS18 supplementation. Therefore, adding organic selenium to the diet maintained various laying performance indicators, egg qualities, and upregulated gene expression. Further evaluations are required to determine the optimum inclusion level of ADS18 poultry.","PeriodicalId":36378,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Integrative Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gastrointestinal morphology and feeding intensity of Periophthalmus gracilis caught from some coastal provinces in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam 越南湄公河三角洲部分沿海省份捕获的股薄眼周虫胃肠道形态及摄食强度

Veterinary Integrative Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.12982/vis.2023.048

U Van Hua, Minh Dinh Quang, Ton Huu Duc Nguyen

引用次数: 0

Current progress in diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for African swine fever virus 非洲猪瘟病毒诊断、治疗和疫苗的最新进展

Veterinary Integrative Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.12982/vis.2023.054

Fredmoore L. Orosco

{"title":"Current progress in diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for African swine fever virus","authors":"Fredmoore L. Orosco","doi":"10.12982/vis.2023.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/vis.2023.054","url":null,"abstract":"African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild pigs. Due to its high mortality rate and rapid spread, it poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. There is currently no effective treatment for ASFV, and control strategies rely on early detection and culling of infected animals. Therefore, developing efficient diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for ASFV is crucial for preventing its spread and minimizing the economic losses associated with outbreaks. In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing diagnostic tools for ASFV, including serological, molecular, and cell-based assays. Therapeutic interventions for ASFV are limited, with no approved treatments currently available. However, recent studies have explored the potential of antiviral drugs and immunomodulators as potential therapies for ASFV. Meanwhile, vaccines have been developed using different platforms, including live attenuated viruses, subunit vaccines, and viral vectors. Some of these vaccines have shown promising results in inducing both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, but challenges remain in terms of vaccine efficacy. Therefore, significant progress has been made in developing diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for ASFV, but much work remains to be done. Further research is needed to improve the efficacy and safety of current interventions and to develop new tools for controlling ASFV globally.","PeriodicalId":36378,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Integrative Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Morphometric and Meristic Variations of Mystus albolineatus Roberts, 1994 in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam 越南湄公河三角洲水杨的形态及分生变异

Veterinary Integrative Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.12982/vis.2023.051

Ton Huu Duc Nguyen, Quang Dinh

{"title":"Morphometric and Meristic Variations of Mystus albolineatus Roberts, 1994 in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam","authors":"Ton Huu Duc Nguyen, Quang Dinh","doi":"10.12982/vis.2023.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/vis.2023.051","url":null,"abstract":"This study contributed to investigating the changes in morphometric and meristic variations in Mystus albolineatus at two different sites in the Mekong Delta (VMD). This is a high economic-value fish species in the region. The study was conducted for 12 months (03/2022 - 02/2023) at two sites along the Hau River (a branch of the Mekong River) with different environmental characteristics, including a freshwater site year-round at Cai Rang (Can Tho City) and a site affected by saltwater intrusion during the dry season at Long Phu (Soc Trang province). Fish samples were collected using different fishing gear of various sizes. The results obtained 825 individuals (443 females and 382 males) at both sites (408 at Cai Rang and 417 at Long Phu). Through the analysis process, it was found that the total length (TL) and weight (W) of this fish species were significantly influenced by gender and season. Both parameters were significantly higher in females (TL:11.13±0.09 SE cm; W: 10.17±0.06 SE g) than in males (TL: 10.68±0.10 SE cm; W: 9.95±0.07 SE g). Meanwhile, during the dry season (TL: 10.15±0.10 SE cm; W: 9.58±0.08 SE g), the fish had lower length and weight compared to the wet season (TL: 11.42±0.08 SE cm; W: 10.39±0.05 SE g). The interaction between gender and season also significantly affected the TL of Mystus albolineatus. In addition, eye diameter (ED), eye distance (DE), body height (BH), head length (HL), ED/HL, DE/HL, BH/TL, and HL/TL all showed significant differences by gender and season. The results of this study on the morphological characteristics of this fish species indicate that it adapts well to the environment at both research sites. The findings of this study provide basic data on the variation in morphological characteristics of Mystus albolineatus in the VMD region.","PeriodicalId":36378,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Integrative Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CORNEAL STROMAL ABSCESS IN A CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANT: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT REGIMES 圈养亚洲象角膜间质脓肿:诊断和治疗方案

Veterinary Integrative Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.12982/vis.2023.050

Suteeranan Pipitwanichtham, Patcharida Dittawong, Phawaran Meetipkit, Ratiwan Sitdhibutr, Nakrob Pattanapon, Manaporn Kasornsri, Kanittha Phetudomsinsuk, Nikorn Thongtip, Supaphen Sripiboon

引用次数: 0

Prevalence and Antimicrobial-Resistant Patterns of Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Good Agricultural Practice Certified Broiler Farms and Poultry Slaughterhouses in an Intensive Farming Area in Upper Northern Part of Thailand 泰国北部北部某集约化养殖区经良好农业规范认证的肉鸡养殖场和家禽屠宰场非伤寒沙门氏菌的流行和耐药模式

Veterinary Integrative Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.12982/vis.2023.057

Tunyamai Buawiratlert, Pakpoom Tadee, Suwit Chotinun, Phongsakorn Chuammitri, Sarawut Kheowsri, Weerachai Suddee, Nattinee Kittiwan, Thanaporn Eiamsam-ang, Ben Pascoe, Prapas Patchanee

{"title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial-Resistant Patterns of Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Good Agricultural Practice Certified Broiler Farms and Poultry Slaughterhouses in an Intensive Farming Area in Upper Northern Part of Thailand","authors":"Tunyamai Buawiratlert, Pakpoom Tadee, Suwit Chotinun, Phongsakorn Chuammitri, Sarawut Kheowsri, Weerachai Suddee, Nattinee Kittiwan, Thanaporn Eiamsam-ang, Ben Pascoe, Prapas Patchanee","doi":"10.12982/vis.2023.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/vis.2023.057","url":null,"abstract":"Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is still one of the most infectious foodborne pathogens causing problematic health issues worldwide in both human and veterinary medicine. Poultry meat was one of the important sources of NTS spreading and tended to be highly resistant to antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, and antimicrobial-resistant patterns of Salmonella circulating in broiler farms and poultry slaughterhouses in an intensive farming area in the upper northern part of Thailand from August to October 2019. Fifty samples of boot swabs were collected from 50 broiler farms, 50 cecal samples, and 250 neck skin samples from slaughterhouses. Salmonella was identified by culture method and serum-agglutination and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was tested using the automated VITEK-2 compact system. This study's total prevalence of Salmonella was 53.71% (n=188/350). We found that 53% (159/300) of cecal and neck skins samples were collected from slaughterhouses and 58% (29/50) of boot swabs collected from broiler farms were positive for NTS. Twenty-four serotypes of NTS were identified, the most encountered was S. Kentucky. The antimicrobial-resistant patterns showed that all the strains were non-susceptible to amikacin, cefalexin, cephalothin, and gentamicin and were susceptible to imipenem, neomycin, and nitrofurantoin. The NTS prevalence in samples from broiler farms was slightly higher than in poultry slaughterhouses indicating that there was contamination in the farming and slaughtering process. Therefore, both hygienic measurements in poultry production and antimicrobial usage in the poultry industry should be considered.","PeriodicalId":36378,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Integrative Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0