U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet最新文献

{"title":"Groundwater quality in selected Stream Valley aquifers, western United States","authors":"J. Kingsbury","doi":"10.3133/FS20213011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/FS20213011","url":null,"abstract":"Background The stream-valley aquifers sampled for this study underlie an area of about 9,600 square miles, in the sedimentary deposits of the Ohio and Allegheny River drainages and parts of a few large tributaries. The study area includes parts of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois. About 2.8 million people live in the area overlying these aquifers and about 200 million gallons of water per day were withdrawn for public supply in these states from stream-valley aquifers in 2000 (Sargent and others, 2008; Kingsbury and others, 2021). Most of the area overlying the aquifer is undeveloped (60 percent). Agricultural land use makes up about 27 percent and urban land use makes up about 13 percent of the study area. Major cities in the study area include Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Cincinnati, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; and Evansville, Indiana. The stream-valley aquifers are within the Holocene-age sand and gravel deposited as alluvium along the valleys of major streams. Some of these sediments are reworked glacial deposits that were eroded and transported downstream, and they are associated with rivers such as the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers that have their headwaters in glaciated areas (Trapp and Horn, 1997). The stream-valley aquifers are associated with the sand and gravel deposits in the valleys of the stream or river that typically is hydraulically connected to the aquifers (Trapp and Horn, 1997). Groundwater in the stream-valley aquifers commonly is under water-table conditions, or unconfined conditions, but confined conditions are in places where clay or silt make up local confining units ( Lloyd and Lyke, 1995 ). Recharge to the aquifer is from infiltration of precipitation and drainage of surface water from the streams and rivers adjacent to these aquifers (Lloyd and Lyke, 1995; Trapp and Horn, 1997). The rivers throughout much of the study area are regulated by lock and dam systems that may affect the movement of surface water into the aquifer ( Maharjan","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oregon and Landsat","authors":"","doi":"10.3133/fs20213021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USGS permafrost research determines the risks of permafrost thaw to biologic and hydrologic resources","authors":"M. Waldrop, L. Anderson, M. Dornblaser, L. Erikson, A. Gibbs, Nicole M. Herman‐Mercer, S. James, Miriam C. Jones, J. Koch, M. Leewis, K. Manies, B. Minsley, N. Pastick, V. Patil, F. Urban, M. Walvoord, K. Wickland, C. Zimmerman","doi":"10.3133/FS20203058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/FS20203058","url":null,"abstract":"Permafrost is frozen ground that underlies a quarter of the Northern Hemisphere; it defines the landscape and landscape processes of the Arctic. Permafrost helps retain surface water in ecosystems rather than allowing it to flow away. In so doing, it modifies water availability and thus helps dictate the distribution of plants and animals. Permafrost is also critical in maintaining the physical structure of soils, so that houses and roads can be built on them. In addition, permafrost maintains ecosystem integrity: ecosystems with stable permafrost may be less susceptible to disturbances such as wildfire and erosion. What happens when permafrost thaws? Continued atmospheric warming is expected to thaw permafrost over large regions this century. During thaw, the flow and interaction of surface water and groundwater change, making some systems wetter and others drier. Rates of erosion and landslides can increase, and land can subside, transforming ecosystems. Permafrost also contains enormous quantities of soil organic matter that has been frozen for tens of thousands of years. When permafrost thaws, soil organic matter is decomposed by microorganisms, reducing soil carbon storage, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and affecting soil nutrients and water quality.","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea-level rise vulnerability of mangrove forests on the Micronesian Island of Pohnpei","authors":"K. Thorne, Kevin J. Buffington","doi":"10.3133/fs20213030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213030","url":null,"abstract":"The mangrove forests across the Federated States of Micronesia provide critical resources and contribute to climate resilience. Locally, mangrove forests provide habitat for fish and wildlife, timber, and other cultural resources. Mangrove forests also protect Micronesian communities from tropical cyclones and tsunamis, providing a buffer against powerful waves and winds. Mangrove forests in Micronesia can store 700–1,800 metric tons of carbon per hectare (Donato and others, 2011), contributing to the estimated 5–10 billion metric tons of carbon stored by mangroves around the world (Alongi, 2018). This carbon storage is essential for global climate resilience. Mangrove forests and the benefits these ecosystems provide are threatened by accelerating sea-level rise and human activities. Healthy mangrove forests are resilient systems and have kept pace with some amounts of sea-level rise, but rapid sea-level rise could outpace the mangroves’ ability to adapt. Degraded mangroves are at greater risk where natural processes have been altered. Overharvest and clearing of timber, infrastructure development, and altered hydrology are just a few of the human activities that can damage mangrove forests.","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing water resources on Long Island, New York, with integrated, multidisciplinary science","authors":"R. F. Breault, J. Masterson, C. Schubert, L. Herdman","doi":"10.3133/fs20213044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landsat Collection 2 Level-2 Science Products","authors":"","doi":"10.3133/fs20213055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69286062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Transformation of dryland rivers: The future of introduced tamarisk in the U.S.","authors":"P. Nagler, J. B. Hull, C. van Riper, P. Shafroth, C. Yackulic","doi":"10.3133/FS20203061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/FS20203061","url":null,"abstract":"Tamarix spp. (tamarisk or saltcedar), a shrub-like tree, was intentionally introduced to the U.S. from Asia in the mid-1800s. Tamarisk thrives in today’s human-altered streamside (riparian) habitats and can be found along wetlands, rivers, lakes, and streams across the western U.S. In 2001, a biological control agent, Diorhabda spp. (tamarisk leaf beetle), was released in six states, and has since spread throughout the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico. Beetle defoliation of tamarisk has altered tamarisk’s water use and effectiveness as erosion control, as well as dynamics of native and nonnative plant and wildlife species. The full effects of the tamarisk leaf beetle on ecosystem function remain unknown. The U.S. Geological Survey collaborates with Tribal, State, Federal agencies, and other institutions to provide current, fact-based information on the effects of tamarisk and the tamarisk leaf beetle on managed resources, and provides sound science for conservation and restoration of riparian habitats in the southwestern U.S. Tamarisk and Riparian Systems Streamside (riparian) habitat occupies less than 10 percent of the Southwestern landscape. Yet, it is the most critical ecosystem in drylands, providing habitat for more than 90 percent of wildlife species and provides other ecological functions. Thus, riparian habitats receive considerable attention, resources, and management action. The success of nonnative Tamarix spp. (tamarisk or saltcedar) in riparian habitats across the Southwest has led to large changes in biological and geomorphological processes. Several factors have contributed to the success of tamarisk in the western U.S. Tamarisk produce seeds that are dispersed by wind and water throughout the spring and summer. Tamarisk has small, needle-like, salt-exuding leaves that allow them to tolerate high-levels of salinity, drought, and heat. Tamarisk may be favored in areas along river courses (1) that have altered flood regimes, (2) that are saltier due to the effects of dams and water diversions, (3) with less available water because streams are undergoing pressures from drought and increased temperatures, and (4) with declining groundwater levels owing to over-extraction and limited recharge. The spread of tamarisk in the west coincided with a decline in the ecological function of many riparian habitats in the early 20th century. Rivers and streams were dammed and (or) water was diverted for irrigation purposes separate from but concurrent with the introduction of tamarisk to the U.S. Increasing concern over the spread of tamarisk led to the release of a biological control agent, Diorhabda carinulata (northern tamarisk leaf beetle), starting in 2001. The beetles were released in six states— California, Colorado, Nevada, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming—by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Since 2001, additional tamarisk leaf beetle species have been introduced and have spread to adjoining st","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Everglades vulnerability analysis—Integrating ecological models and addressing uncertainty","authors":"Laura E. D’Acunto, S. Romañach, Saira M. Haider, Caitlin E. Hackett, Jennifer H. Nestler, D. Shinde, L. Pearlstine","doi":"10.3133/fs20213033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213033","url":null,"abstract":"The Everglades is a large (about 47,000 square kilometers), unique subtropical wetland ecosystem in central and south Florida. This ecosystem provides habitat for many endemic and endangered species, offers protection against flooding, and supplies south Florida with a substantial amount of its water supply. In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Water Resources Development Act of 2000 (Public Law 106–541), which authorized the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). The CERP seeks to improve the timing, distribution, and quality of water flow through The Everglades to facilitate the recovery of the unique habitats historically present in the system. Restoration of The Everglades is one of the largest and most expensive ecological restoration efforts in the world, and its implementation requires extensive cooperation among stakeholders to ensure that restoration efforts are successful (LoSchiavo and others, 2013).","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USGS Chesapeake Science Strategy 2021-2025","authors":"K. Hyer, S. Phillips","doi":"10.3133/fs20213037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213037","url":null,"abstract":"Printed on recycled paper The Chesapeake Bay ecosystem is a national treasure that provides almost $100 billion annually of goods and services. The Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP), is one of the largest federal-state restoration partnerships in the United States and is underpinned by rigorous science. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has a pivotal role as a science provider for assessing ecosystem condition and response in the Chesapeake watershed. Despite significant CBP accomplishments, the pressures of climate change and competing demands on land use and change require an acceleration of progress towards the 10 goals in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement. USGS Chesapeake studies are increasing efforts to provide integrated science and are engaging stakeholders to inform the multi-faceted restoration and conservation decisions to improve habitat for fish and waterfowl, and socio-economic benefits to the 18 million people living in the watershed.","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arizona and Landsat","authors":"","doi":"10.3133/fs20213039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213039","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}