Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya最新文献

{"title":"Impact of urbanized landscapes on the river flow in Europe","authors":"N. Koronkevich, K. Melnik","doi":"10.31857/s2587-55662019378-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019378-87","url":null,"abstract":"Global urban landscapes were growing rapidly during last decades. The impact of this growth on annual river runoff of foreign European and Russian river basins was shown in this article. Calculations for Moscow river basin were taken as a basis for computations. The performed calculations show, that 1% of urbanization area increase also enhances total river runoff at 1%. At the same time 1% growth of watertight territories (included in urbanized landscapes) leads to an increase in runoff by 2–3%. The growth of urbanized areas led to a smaller increase in runoff (2–3 times) in the past (in comparison with current period) due to a less established system of diversion from urbanized landscapes. Calculations were made for Spree, Thames, Seine river basins in comparison Moscow River basin. Impact of capitals landscapes (Berlin, London, Paris, and Moscow) on river runoff was estimated initially, and then the influence of other urbanized areas located in river basins. As a result, the general influence of all urbanized territories was defined. According to results of conducted calculations, modern urbanized areas led to an increase of annual river runoff by more than 9% in Spree river basin, more than 20% of the Thames, over 11% of the Seine and 10% in the basin of Moscow River in comparison with changes during the period of norm calculation (from the end of 19th century till the beginning of the 1960s of the 20th century). According to the results of conducted calculations, modern total annual runoff increase is 2.2–4.5% for Europe and 0.2–0.3% for the Russian Federation in comparison with changes during the period of norm calculation, and in relation to the runoff from the most populated their parts is 3.5-6.9% and 1-2%, respectively. In addition, it can be expressed in km3 with following values: 44.9–89.8 (for foreign Europe) and 7.2–14.3 (for the Russian Federation). For the whole Europe (including European territory of Russia), the runoff increases by 50–100 km3 (or by 2–4%) per year. Actually, this is not so much in percentage terms, though in terms of volume – these values are close to annual runoff of such river as Neva.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82556135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Results and prospects of geosystem monitoring in Prioksko-Terrasny biosphere reserve","authors":"E. Kolomyts, Э Г Коломыц","doi":"10.31857/S2587-55662019341-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-55662019341-56","url":null,"abstract":"The empirical-statistical models of spatial organization and function of forest biogeocoenoses of the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve are developed. The edaphic climaxes of forest communities reflecting the diversity of zonal structures of this subtaiga region are revealed. The causal mechanisms of climax formation are described. The role of catenary organization of biogeocoenoses, as well as the lithogenic factor and the hydrological regime in the structure of forest cover is demonstrated. It is shown that the nature reserve can be a favorable testing ground for regional geosystem monitoring. However, the range of objects for solving the problems of global biosphere monitoring is very limited here due to ubiquitous forest regeneration successions. The two groups of forest biogeocoenoses are proposed as priority objects in respect to structural development and biological cycle parameters – (1) mesomorphic and meso-xeromorphic pine-lime-oak and pine-lime mixed grass and broad grass forests in a wide range of landscape interfaces (from eluvial geotopes to transaccumulative); (2) meso-hydromorphic spruce and spruce-pine acid-green forests of flat poorly drained watersheds (eluvial). This significantly diversifies the objects of geosystem monitoring.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85090923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial differentiation of living standards as a mirror of disproportions in socioeconomic development: a case study of Belgorod Oblast","authors":"N. Chugunova, Н В Чугунова, N. V. Likhnevskaya, Н В Лихневская","doi":"10.31857/S2587-55662019328-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-55662019328-40","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with spatial differences in living standards of the population on a regional scale – in Belgorod oblast, which is among the federal subjects implementing federal reforms in the socioeconomic sphere. Approaches to living standards have been determined, major indices of living standards have been identified. The study of intraregional differentiation of components of living standards of the population, including the extensive use of GIS techniques has been conducted. A component-based research of living standards shows that the extent of disproportions between municipalities is especially significant in respect to social and socioeconomic indicators, which reflects the reduction in the number of social enterprises and the number of employed people in rural areas. The role of agricultural holdings in the change of indicators of the living standards of the rural population and in the development of rural settlement pattern is revealed. The result of the study was the typology of municipal districts depending on the level of socioeconomic development, based on the synthetic index of the living standard, which revealed deep intraregional disproportions. The study has found that a high level of development is only typical for the regional center.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88563367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial organization of regional mesoclimate","authors":"A. Krenke, А.Н. Кренке, Y. Puzachenko, Ю.Г. Пузаченко, M. Y. Puzachenko, М Ю Пузаченко","doi":"10.31857/S2587-556620193116-130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-556620193116-130","url":null,"abstract":"In this article the method of derivation of the hierarchical levels of organization of climatic variables or regional scale is considered. Based on the Worldclim database, the main integral factors reflecting the variation of climatic variables are identified, and then decomposed into hierarchical levels with different linear dimensions of oscillations. Hierarchical levels are distinguished through the study of the fractal dimensions of different parts of the spectrum of the obtained factors and the isolation of subharmonics on the basis of an analysis of the residues of the fractal model. The analysis shows the existence of a complex hierarchical organization of the region's mesoclimate. The approach makes it possible to identify the most significant scales and amplitudes of fluctuations in climatic variables, both for natural and for agricultural ecosystems. Differentiation of the variation of climatic variables at different spatial scales and the influence of these elements on a specific ecosystem object creates a basis for constructing statistical models of ecosystem processes or yield patterns of various agricultural crops. The possibilities of visualization of climate variation at different hierarchical levels and reflection of equilibrium (normative) relations between the studied ecosystem processes and the current state of climate in the region are shown.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86996044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes of the dynamic of agrarian lands of Russia in 1990–2014","authors":"A. Nekrich, D. Lyuri","doi":"10.31857/s2587-55662019364-77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019364-77","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of croplands dynamics during crisis and post-crisis period (1990–2014) in 68 agrarian developed regions of the Russian Federation. Three types of dynamics are revealed: “sustainable decreasing (deagrarization),” “decreasing–stabilization,” “decreasing–growth (re-agrogenesis).” It is shown that the principle change of trends of area croplands is observed in the present days: from large-scale decreasing to stabilization and growth in the majority of regions in the country. It is proved that combination of the bioclimatic potential (BCP) and rural population decrease are those major factors which define allocation of three types of dynamics of the cultivated lands and well describe change of croplands for the last 25 years. Influence of rural population change on dynamics of croplands is analyzed at different levels of BCP. This influence has the strongest effect in the regions of “decreasing–stabilization” type. In the regions of “sustainable decreasing” this effect is the lowest (low level of BCP) and for regions of “decreasing–growth” this effect is the weakest (high level of BCP). Therefore, from the middle of the 2000th we observe a rapid restoration of that spatial and factorial matrix of change of the agrarian areas which was created in the second half of the 19th century and has survived all events of the last century and the events of the beginning of this century.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83309905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodology of calculation the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments of mudflows (within Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic)","authors":"J. Mammadov","doi":"10.31857/s2587-55662019398-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019398-104","url":null,"abstract":"The main natural factors that have a significant impact on the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments are identified. The most universal of these factors is the maximum water flow rate, which creates an opportunity for the formation and development of mudflow processes, as well as determines the power of the mudflow. As a rule, the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments increases with increasing catchment area. At the same time, the larger the size of a river basin is, the greater the impact of various physical and geographical factors. Such complex factors include: Qmax – the maximum water flow rate, φ – the coefficient of natural over regulation of rivers, ϒ – the index of ploughness, Ψ – the forest cover index, İ – the slope of the catchment area. These factors are closely interrelated and interdependent, as mudflows are, to a certain extent, a mirror reflecting the influence of the main natural and anthropogenic factors. It seems to us that of the above factors determining the general background, the most universal ones are singled out for calculating the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments. We believe that there should also be a link between the values of the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments and the set of parameters that more clearly reflect the influence of natural factors. In this regard, in individual basins of any territory mudflows appear with different capacity. The relationships between the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments and the complex of natural factors reflect hydrological and geological-geomorphological conditions. Horizontal and vertical differentiation of mountain slopes with different exposures allowed us to identify this dependence in the form of 3 equations. The first two equations characterize the increase of maximum flow of suspended sediments in watershed and plowed slopes that lead to the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments. But forest cover and the coefficient of rivers flood natural overregulation lead to the lowest flow rate of suspended sediments. The third equation is characterized by the largest increase in water flow rate and in the average height of the catchment, which increases the maximum flow rate of suspended sediments, and the catchment area and the natural over regulation of rivers leads to its reduce.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73169559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The new data of fauna and landscapes history in the Manych basin during the late Pleistocene","authors":"A. Chepalyga, A. Markova","doi":"10.31857/S2587-55662019357-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-55662019357-63","url":null,"abstract":"The geology and mammal and mollusk fauna from the Late Pleistocene locality Sanmanych (the single location of paleontological remains in the Manych basin) in Rostov region are discussed. The received data permit to reconstruct the climatic-environmental condition during the Early Khvalynian transgression in the Manych basin. This transgression was dated by 14 C in the interval between 16–12 kyr BP. As a result of the formation of a Cascade of Eurasian Basins for the first time in the Late Pleistocene Caspian waters of the Khvalynian Sea had flooded to the Manych depression and the Manych-Kerch strait was originated during that time. The marine mollusks appeared in the Manych basin together with Caspian Sea water. The salinity of Khvalynian basin was close to the same of the Caspian Sea (10–12%) and the water temperature was lower than recent one, what confirms by the fact that mollusk’ shells were two-three times smaller than the modern ones of the same species. The analysis of the small mammal fauna permits to reconstruct the arid open landscapes during the formation of the location. The lower mammal diversity indicates the unfavorable climatic and environment conditions – the high aridity and the rather cool climate.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82423207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accounting and assessment of ecosystem services of Novokuznetsk coal-mining area (Kemerovo Oblast)","authors":"G. Fomenko, M. Fomenko, K. A. Loshadkin, A. V. Mikhailova","doi":"10.31857/s2587-55662019388-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019388-97","url":null,"abstract":"Development of territories with excessive mineral resource use is traditionally based on income from mining and mineral resources processing. At the same time, their ecosystems are an important source of human well-being as they produce many ecosystem services. Reaching a compromise between two sources of territory development – abiotic services (coal mining) and ecosystem services – is one of the major objectives of sustainable development of the regions with excessive mineral resource use. This article assesses and compares ecosystem and abiotic services in the coal-mining area in Kemerovo oblast in monetary and physical terms. The results of economic evaluation of ecosystem and abiotic services are considered to be a key element in efficiency assessment of spatial organization of environmental management concerning sustainable development of the territory.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89153522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleoflood records within Sikhote-Alin foothills during last 2.2 ka","authors":"N. G. Razzhigaeva, L. Ganzey, T. Grebennikova, T. A. Kopoteva, M. Klimin, A. Panichev, E. Kudryavtseva, K. Arslanov, F. Maksimov, A. Petrov","doi":"10.31857/s2587-55662019285-99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019285-99","url":null,"abstract":"The periods of intensification of the frequency of severe floods in Late Holocene were reconstructed on the basis of a multi-proxy study of the section of paleo-bend deposits in the lower reaches of the Bikin River, which includes a peat bog, buried by floodplain loam. The peat bog was formed on the place of flood lake and is represented by interlayering of the layers with a different contents of mineral components, which brought during heavy floods. The criteria for the allocation of phases of abundant river flow were defined. Peat ash content, biostratigraphic data (diatom, botanical analyzes) and radiocarbon dates of the peat bog showed that the flood activity in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin changed significantly over the last 2.24 ka. The most severe floods occurred in the Medieval Warm Period and warm phases of the Little Ice Age. Duration of periods with strong floods varied from 70 to 200 years. Synoptic situations leading to heavy rainfall were probably similar to modern ones. Strong floods began last 210 yr in the conditions of a trend for warming. Reduction of flood activity, as a rule, occurred in cooling. The intensification of fires took place in drier periods. The response of swamp landscapes to the passage of severe floods and fires has been established.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87455903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geography of international migration in the modern age of globalization","authors":"L. M. Sintserov, Л М Синцеров","doi":"10.31857/S2587-55662019231-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-55662019231-40","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with international migration during the last decades of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st centuries and its economic-geographical analysis. The paper provides an overview of opinions about the dating of the contemporary era of global migration. It is shown that only after completion of spatial restructuring of migration processes and with the transition to sustainable growth of the share of international migrants in the world population, the modern increase of migration begins. On the basis of the UN statistics the main sources of migrants to the countries of Western Europe have been determined as well as shifts in the geographical structure of migrant population of the region that have taken place in the last quarter of a century. Two migration waves directed to the core of the European region from its southern and then from the eastern periphery are determined. The transformation of the USA population structure caused by the migration inflow from Latin America and Asia is described. The ratio of the main directions of global migration is shown: South-South, South-North, etc. At the same time, it is noted that a rather limited part of international migrations is associated with the asynchrony of demographic processes in the regions of the world. The article also discusses the remittances of migrants from developing countries to their homeland, forming powerful financial flows, which are second only to foreign direct investment. They play an especially important role in the economies of developing countries. The calculations show that the contribution of international migrants to the world economy far exceeds their share in the world population.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83696377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}