{"title":"Natural Language Generation","authors":"David D. McDonald","doi":"10.1201/9781420085938-c6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420085938-c6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract : Generation is the process of deliberately constructing a natural language text in order to meet specified communicative goals. The goals come from another program, perhaps an expert reasoning system or a ICAI tutor, that is motivated to talk to a human user. The texts that are produced may range from a single phrase given in answer to a question, through multi-sentence remarks and questions within a dialog, to full-page explanations. This article describes AI research on natural language generation with a historical perspective, emphasizing the special character of the problems to be solved. It begins by contrasting generation with language understanding, establishing basic concepts about the breakdown of the process into components and the flow of information and decisions through it. A section of excerpts from the output of illustrative generation systems follows, showing what kinds of performance are possible and where the difficulties are. In the remainder of the article the common approaches to generation are surveyed, including characteristic messages and the nature of a generator's lexicon.","PeriodicalId":361311,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Natural Language Processing","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129459512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corpus Creation","authors":"R. Xiao","doi":"10.1201/9781420085938-c7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420085938-c7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":361311,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Natural Language Processing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130589333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ontology Construction","authors":"P. Cimiano, Johanna Völker, P. Buitelaar","doi":"10.1201/9781420085938-c24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420085938-c24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":361311,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Natural Language Processing","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124142781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sentiment Analysis and Subjectivity","authors":"Bing Liu","doi":"10.1201/9781420085938-c26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420085938-c26","url":null,"abstract":"An intraocular lens for implantation in an eye comprising an optic configured so that the optic can be deformed to permit the intraocular lens to be passed through an incision into the eye. A peripheral zone circumscribes the optical zone of the optic and one or more fixation members coupled to the peripheral zone and extending outwardly from the peripheral zone to retain the optic in the eye are provided. In one embodiment the fixation member or members are located so that the optical zone is free of such member or members. The peripheral zone preferably has a maximum axial thickness which is larger than the maximum axial thickness of the periphery of the optical zone.","PeriodicalId":361311,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Natural Language Processing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128557645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Classical Approaches to Natural Language Processing","authors":"R. Dale","doi":"10.1201/9781420085938-c1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420085938-c1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":361311,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Natural Language Processing","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125658573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Text Preprocessing","authors":"David D. Palmer","doi":"10.1201/9781420085938-c2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420085938-c2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":361311,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Natural Language Processing","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129872507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Overview of Modern Speech Recognition","authors":"Xuedong Huang, L. Deng","doi":"10.1201/9781420085938-c15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420085938-c15","url":null,"abstract":"Xuedong Huang and Li Deng Microsoft Corporation 15.","PeriodicalId":361311,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Natural Language Processing","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131927622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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