The Energy Law Journal最新文献

{"title":"Distributed Energy Resource Participation in Wholesale Markets: Lessons from the California ISO","authors":"Justin Gundlach, Romany M. Webb","doi":"10.7916/D8CR79T5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7916/D8CR79T5","url":null,"abstract":"The California Independent System Operator (CAISO) aims to “support” and “facilitate” wholesale market participation by aggregations of distributed energy resources (DERs)—solar panels, batteries, and other energy technologies installed in small quantities at scattered locations. This reflect CAISO’s recognition that “[t]he number and diversity of these resources are growing and represent an increasingly important part of the future grid.” However, CAISO has also recognized that system operators can only draw on DERs if they perform reliably, their operation is predictable and transparent, and their contributions are large enough to be economical both to their owners and the grid as a whole. While the aggregation of multiple DERs can support each of these conditions, providing for such aggregation will require adjustments to existing wholesale market rules. \u0000CAISO is not alone in recognizing the potential contributions to market performance of aggregated DERs, but it was the first wholesale market operator to begin exploring how to make the adjustments necessary to enable their participation. Similar programs for the aggregation of demand response have existed in markets operated by CAISO and other independent system operators and regional transmission organizations (ISO/RTOs) for several years. Those programs do not, however, allow energy exports to the bulk power grid. To address this limitation, CAISO adopted a new program, which allows DERs to provide energy and ancillary services to the grid. \u0000At the time of writing, CAISO’s program had attracted just four participants—DER providers or “DERPs”—none of which had yet begun operating in the energy or ancillary services markets. Meanwhile, the other ISO/RTOs and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC or the Commission) that oversees them are following CAISO into the fray. The FERC is considering requiring all ISO/RTOs to adopt their own programs for DER aggregation, which may be modeled on the one currently used by CAISO. Despite this, however, there has been no comprehensive review of how the CAISO program is operating and why it has attracted so few participants. This article is intended to fill that gap, examining CAISO’s DER program after its first year of operation.","PeriodicalId":359296,"journal":{"name":"The Energy Law Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134497607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Private Empire: Exxonmobil and American Power","authors":"William A. Mogel","doi":"10.5860/choice.50-1560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-1560","url":null,"abstract":"PRIVATE EMPIRE: EXXONMOBIL AND AMERICAN POWER By Steve Coll, Penguin Press 2012Readers of this Journal should be intrigued with Private Empire,1 which promises an inside look at ExxonMobil and how it acts like a sovereign (\"a corporate state within the American State\"),2 exercising its own \"foreign policy\" in 200 nations.3 Unfortunately, Private Empire does not deliver on its promise, breaks no new ground, nor produces evidence of corporate wrong-doing.4 Private Empire's nearly 700 pages and twenty-eight chapters are a wordy, anecdotal review of disparate incidents involving ExxonMobil in locales such as Alaska; Chad; Venezuela; Indonesia; Nigeria; and Jacksonville, Maryland.5This could have been a more compelling work, especially if it documented a rationale that international, leviathan corporations-energy or otherwise-deserve special government oversight. Private Empire doesn't prove its thesis that big is \"bad\" or offer a solution if there is an endemic problem with large, multinational corporations.6 Surprisingly, there is no discussion of the anti-trust laws or how ExxonMobil evolved from Standard Oil.7Stylistically, Private Empire tends to over-dramatize, assign pejorative meaning to terms like \"K Street\" and \"private jets,\" provide unneeded information about minor players (\"a descendant of an English cricket captain\"),8 and offer irrelevant information such as: the Saudi Ambassador's home in Beverly Hills was next to Drew Barrymore's9 or a description of the Japanese synthesizing pearls in Qatar.10Private Empire is also littered with purple prose and non-sequiturs, to wit:\"Alaska's storm-swept seas and icy glaciers might look forbidding, but at least they were situated in a nation that welcomed private capital.\"11Private Empire unsuccessfully searches for a villain. However, the best it comes up with is former CEO Lee Raymond, who, at worst, comes offas a curmudgeon who has a long friendship with Vice President Cheney. The author summarily concludes:\"Lee Raymond would manage Exxon's global position after 1989 as a confident sovereign, a peer of the White House's rotating occupants. Raymond aligned Exxon with America but he was not always in sync[.]\"12Private Empire makes no attempt to analyze the reasons for ExxonMobil's success. For example, in describing the company's lobbying in Washington, Private Empire glibly states:\"ExxonMobil's strategy was not so much to dazzle or manipulate Washington as to manage and outlast it.\"13According to the author, \"ExxonMobil did not want anything from the American government, but it did not want the government to do anything to the company, either.\"14 What does that \"insight\" mean?In conclusion, Private Empire may be on to something. Large, multinational corporations, particularly those that operate in essential industries, such as energy, and require large investments, may require special oversight by the government. …","PeriodicalId":359296,"journal":{"name":"The Energy Law Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116922029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LONG-TERM LIABILITY FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE IN DEPLETED NORTH AMERICAN OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS","authors":"N. Nielson, A. Ingelson, Anne Kleffner","doi":"10.11575/PRISM/34003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11575/PRISM/34003","url":null,"abstract":"Article depostied after permission was granted by publisher of Energy Law Journal, 02/01/2011.","PeriodicalId":359296,"journal":{"name":"The Energy Law Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134049301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World","authors":"J. Schneider","doi":"10.5860/choice.49-4584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-4584","url":null,"abstract":"THE QUEST: ENERGY, SECURITY, AND THE REMAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD By Daniel Yergin, Penguin Press 2011 Daniel Yergin has done much for the reputation of oil as a central figure on the world stage over the course of the 20th Century. While others have chronicled the careers of those who developed and profited from the resource, Yergin gave the substance itself the starring role it deserves in his 1992 work, The Prize.1 Yergin won a Pulitzer for the book, and he deserved it for so well telling the story of oil's career as it rose from coal's less prominent cousin at the outset of 20th Century to its starring role as the world's predominant energy resource. Yergin's tale of oil's influence on world events includes the riveting back story leading to World War II, as Japanese naval strategists pressed for the attack on Pearl Harbor as a means of securing oil supplies in the Pacific. The Prize concluded with the rise of OPEC, and the profound resulting shift in the axis of world power, as developed nations adjusted to a new and relatively less self-sufficient reality. In The Quest,2 Yergin picks up the thread of the story in the latter part of the 20th Century, a time in which fossil fuels have shared the stage with other forms of energy more favored by certain policy makers, while the world reeled from the break-up of the Soviet Union and the emergence of newly independent oil-producing nations in the former Soviet Republics. These events have dramatically altered oil production scenarios and the calculus undertaken by those who look after the security of the nation's energy supplies. This is a story with many diverse threads, though many aspects of the tale have been told elsewhere and in more detail. Still, Yergin weaves together an effective narrative. Now nearly one year old, The Quest received generally good reviews from major outlets, including the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal, and indeed much is praiseworthy. The book is readable, and it provides a comprehensive survey of the broad sweep of issues involved in energy commerce and policy. Through it all, Yergin maintains a keen sense for the story-line and a journalist's eye for character-driven events. Yet, this is a frustrating book with respect to its two most important themes: the role of oil in the 21st Century and its analysis of the climate debate. As to oil, The Quest leaves one to accept on faith Yergin's conclusion that oil will remain relatively plentiful for the remainder of the 21st Century. As to the climate change debate, the book suffers from a failure to do more than scratch the surface of the science that is at the core of this critical issue. The book will also frustrate scholars. Its citations are sparse, and while there is a reasonably extensive bibliography, it is not at all clear where a good deal of the information comes from. With respect to oil's future, Yergin sees an endless horizon for the resource. Rejecting what he describes as the commonly-held view t","PeriodicalId":359296,"journal":{"name":"The Energy Law Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128099083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Bet: Paul Ehrlich, Julian Simon, and Our Gamble over Earth's Future","authors":"Richard B. Miller","doi":"10.5860/choice.51-3963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-3963","url":null,"abstract":"THE BET: PAUL EHRLICH, JULIAN SIMON, AND OUR GAMBLE OVER EARTH'S FUTUREBy Paul Sabin, Yale University Press 2013It seems a matter of common sense that infinite resources do not exist, and we should, therefore, use our resources carefully. But it is a mistake to understate the impact of human ingenuity and market economics on the demand for resources we are inclined to think of as essential. This more complex truth was well understood by the Saudi Arabian oil minister, Sheikh Zaki Yamani, who famously stated that \"[the] Stone Age did not end for lack of stone, and the Oil Age will end long before the world runs out of oil.\"1 The story of this more complex truth about resource scarcity and its relationship to the modern environmental movement is well told by Paul Sabin in The Bet.2 The Bet has lessons for today's debate over climate change and should serve as a cautionary tale for activists on either side.The Bet recounts the rivalry between Paul Ehrlich, the biologist who wrote The Population Bomb 3 in 1968, and Julian Simon, an economist who wrote The Ultimate Resource4 in 1981. Ehrlich warned of the dangers of overpopulation and the destruction of the planet while Simon celebrated population growth and the ingenuity that enables humans to adapt to changing circumstances. Ehrlich relied on the simple logic that resources are finite, claiming that increased population would lead to mass starvation. Notwithstanding his doomsday message, he was immensely popular and appeared on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson more than twenty times during the 1970s.5 Tempering that image, Sabin points out that early in his career Ehrlich and his allies called for the United States to refuse to send food to certain famine stricken countries because they had failed to adopt population control policies.6 Further, Ehrlich struggled to completely disassociate his group, Zero Population Growth, from the groups that promoted eugenics.7 Nonetheless, while Ehrlich's popularity soared, Simon liked to joke he would be lucky if five people showed up to hear his ideas about how human beings and their innovative abilities are our ultimate resource.8But Simon persisted, and in 1981 wrote an article in Social Science Quarterly that, referring to Ehrlich, began with the question: \"How often does a prophet have to be wrong before we no longer believe that he or she is a true prophet?\"9 He then challenged Ehrlich to a bet: Ehrlich could choose any five metals and Simon would bet him that those metals would be less expensive in ten years then they were at that time.10 \"Ehrlich took the bait,\" saying that he would accept Simon's \"'astonishing offer before other greedy people jump in.'\"11 Ehrlich consulted with two of his scientist friends and chose five: chromium, copper, nickel, tin, and tungsten.12 They seemed like good choices as each had a critical role and its price had increased significantly during the 1970s.13Ten years later the world's population had increased by 800 millio","PeriodicalId":359296,"journal":{"name":"The Energy Law Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125602268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}