World Affairs最新文献_第2页

Are Democrats or Republicans better for the Iraqi Kurds? 对伊拉克库尔德人来说，民主党人好还是共和党人好？

World Affairs Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12008

Hawre Hasan Hama

{"title":"Are Democrats or Republicans better for the Iraqi Kurds?","authors":"Hawre Hasan Hama","doi":"10.1002/waf2.12008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/waf2.12008","url":null,"abstract":"This piece offers an introduction to US foreign policy toward the Iraqi Kurds since the First World War by dividing that policy into seven discernible stages—from Wilson's Fourteen Points to the actions of the Trump administration. In doing so, I query whether the existence of US foreign policy toward the Kurds has been more active and supportive during Democratic Party administrations or Republican Party administrations. Are there any clear indications as to which party has been better for the Iraqi Kurds? Or is US foreign policy toward the Iraqi Kurds unequivocally dependent on regional dynamics and US interests, not on which political party is governing or the values they espouse? The central argument is that American policy toward the Iraqi Kurds has mostly been dependent on changing regional dynamics, particularly on the changing nature of the United States relationships with Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Syria, and this does not seem to be affected strongly by which US party holds the presidency. Perhaps counter‐intuitively, there is no evidence to suggest the Democrats have been better for the Iraqi Kurds than the Republicans. While some of the most significant setbacks for the Kurds occurred during Republican administrations, their two most essential political achievements were also during Republican administrations.","PeriodicalId":35790,"journal":{"name":"World Affairs","volume":"117 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140678266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Sinhala‐Buddhicization of the state and the rise of authoritarianism in Sri Lanka 国家的僧伽罗佛教化与斯里兰卡专制主义的兴起

World Affairs Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12020

A. Imtiyaz

{"title":"The Sinhala‐Buddhicization of the state and the rise of authoritarianism in Sri Lanka","authors":"A. Imtiyaz","doi":"10.1002/waf2.12020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/waf2.12020","url":null,"abstract":"Sri Lanka's postindependence history suggests that continuous efforts by the Sinhala‐Buddhist politicians to reject decentralization created anxiety and distrust among minorities. The state used both Sinhala language and Buddhism to accommodate Sinhala‐Buddhist interests and provide cultural security to Sinhala‐Buddhists who feared that the Sinhala race, Buddhism, and heritage would be threatened with destruction by the Tamil and Muslim separatists and extremists. The state forced the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which demanded a separate state for North and Eastern Tamils, to silence its guns in May 2009. The military defeat of the LTTE did not produce any democratization of the island. Sinhala‐Buddhist extremist forces turned their eyes on Sri Lankan Muslims, whose elites attached to major political parties supported the war against the LTTE. This study examines the politicization of the Sinhala language and Buddhism in Sri Lanka before and after the civil war between the LTTE and the state dominated by the Sinhala‐Buddhists. It argues that Sinhala political elites willingly took measures to centralize power. The major result of centralization is the birth of the state‐seeking, but authoritarian LTTE. It will also provide some useful analysis to examine post‐war tensions between the Muslims and the Sinhala‐Buddhist extremists. Finally, I discuss some solutions to fight the rising authoritarianism to help Sri Lanka enjoy the fruits of modernization and democracy.","PeriodicalId":35790,"journal":{"name":"World Affairs","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140684459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Religion as a tool for authoritarian legitimation: The case of Bangladesh 宗教是专制合法性的工具：孟加拉国的案例

World Affairs Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12016

Ali Riaz

引用次数: 0

Religion and authoritarianism in the Maldives: Is another authoritarian reversal in the Maldives imminent? 马尔代夫的宗教和专制主义：马尔代夫的另一次专制逆转是否迫在眉睫？

World Affairs Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12019

Mosmi Bhim

{"title":"Religion and authoritarianism in the Maldives: Is another authoritarian reversal in the Maldives imminent?","authors":"Mosmi Bhim","doi":"10.1002/waf2.12019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/waf2.12019","url":null,"abstract":"The Maldives commenced its transition to democracy after its first multiparty elections in 2008. This was challenging due to the Maldives being a Muslim nation, its authoritarian legacy of monarchical rule before independence, and by dictatorship after independence. This article analyzes the postindependence rule periods of Ibrahim Nasir and Maumoom Abdul Gayoom, which were akin to one‐man dictatorships. The third autocratic president postindependence, Abdulla Yameen, was an electoral authoritarian as he implemented authoritarian measures in a multi‐party context. I assess if religion provided political legitimacy to these authoritarian leaders or if religion was exploited by leaders to gain political support and civic spaces. Theories of authoritarianism, religious populism, electoral authoritarianism, as well as concepts of the ulema‐state alliance and the rentier state are utilized. In addition to their authoritarian legacy, democratic presidents like Mohamed Nasheed and Mohamed Solih had grappled with politicians' manipulation of religion through political Islam, Islamic nationalism, and fundamentalism to derail democracy by equating it to Westernization. These events resonate with Samuel Huntington's description of the conflict between the West and Islam as a clash of civilizations. Crimes against liberal thinkers by Islamic extremists are an added challenge. There is a real danger of another authoritarian reversal in the Maldives.","PeriodicalId":35790,"journal":{"name":"World Affairs","volume":"4 s7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140693171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Faith, politics, and power: The evolution of secularism and authoritarianism in Bangladesh 信仰、政治和权力：孟加拉国世俗主义和专制主义的演变

World Affairs Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12015

Shafi Md. Mostofa

{"title":"Faith, politics, and power: The evolution of secularism and authoritarianism in Bangladesh","authors":"Shafi Md. Mostofa","doi":"10.1002/waf2.12015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/waf2.12015","url":null,"abstract":"This third article in the 2024 World Affairs special issue examines the intricate interplay between secularism, religious sentiment, and authoritarian politics in postindependence Bangladesh. Despite being founded on secular principles in 1971, the notion of Bangladesh as a strictly secular state is challenged. This article contends that while secularism was enshrined as a foundational state principle, its imposition occurred top‐down, diverging from prevailing societal ethos. The immediacy of the public backlash following its inclusion compelled ruling elites to adopt religion‐sensitive policies. I assert that the widespread religiosity among the populace steered subsequent political decisions. Notably, the shift from secularism to state‐sponsored Islam, the elevation of Islamic figures to cabinet roles, the recognition of Qawmi madrassa credentials, and the proliferation of Islamic rhetoric ensued. Analyzing a blend of archival data and field interviews, the article argues that the current authoritarian regime, emerging from an unconsolidated democratic framework, strategically exploits Islam as a political tool for legitimacy. By tapping into the prevailing Islamic sentiment, the regime aims to solidify its hold on power and navigate the complex political landscape of contemporary Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":35790,"journal":{"name":"World Affairs","volume":"52 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140701379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Authoritarian populist politics, politico‐religious extremism, and violence against women in post‐war Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡战后的专制民粹政治、政治宗教极端主义和暴力侵害妇女行为

World Affairs Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12017

Shyamika Jayasundara-Smits, DB Subedi

{"title":"Authoritarian populist politics, politico‐religious extremism, and violence against women in post‐war Sri Lanka","authors":"Shyamika Jayasundara-Smits, DB Subedi","doi":"10.1002/waf2.12017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/waf2.12017","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the implementation of progressive national policies and the adherence to numerous international conventions aimed at eradicating gender‐based violence and violence against women, incidents of violence against women in post‐war Sri Lanka are on the rise. This research delves into the intersection of post‐war populist politics supported by religious extremists and the resulting violence perpetrated against women, as well as its repercussions on women's well‐being. We are interested in locating the specific mechanisms through which religious extremism, authoritarian populism, and violence against women are connected. Our findings indicate that post‐war populist politics, backed by Buddhist religious extremists and the post‐war Sinhalese‐Buddhist hegemonic state's re‐building project, have generated dialectical relationships with Sri Lanka's minorities—Tamils and Muslims. These relationships are partially enacted through different forms of gender violence. This has consequences for all women. As successive confrontations deepen, the deterioration of these relationships exacerbates the likelihood of violence and reinforces a culture of impunity.","PeriodicalId":35790,"journal":{"name":"World Affairs","volume":"321 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140703372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Authoritarianism and majoritarian religious nationalism in contemporary India 当代印度的专制主义和多数派宗教民族主义

World Affairs Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12018

Maidul Islam

{"title":"Authoritarianism and majoritarian religious nationalism in contemporary India","authors":"Maidul Islam","doi":"10.1002/waf2.12018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/waf2.12018","url":null,"abstract":"This first article in the 2024 World Affairs special issue examines the Narendra Modi regime in India. Often acerbic political rhetoric is attached to official policies of the regime, creating fear and hopelessness within sections of the population. In this study, five sets of political activities of the government are evaluated. First, cultural authoritarianism became apparent with complicity toward “cow vigilantism,” slapping sedition charges against those showing political dissent, banning the history books of selected progressives, and stereotyping sections of the left and liberals as antinationals. Second, the demonetization policy was implemented without adequately following the economic protocols of the state. Third, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Bill indicates the thwarting of democratic and federalist ideas. Fourth, the Citizenship Amendment Act and the National Register of Citizens exercise in Assam demonstrate the communal‐fascist worldview of the regime in profiling population groups. Finally, the sloppy handling of the COVID‐19 pandemic and the new Information Technology rules show the government's callous approach toward science and privacy. By analyzing such political activities, the article points out that majoritarian religious nationalism, coupled with authoritarianism, has been the ideological expression of the Modi regime, coexisting with both state surveillance and electoral democracy.","PeriodicalId":35790,"journal":{"name":"World Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140714547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tourism management synergies in Sub‐Saharan Africa 撒哈拉以南非洲的旅游管理协同作用

World Affairs Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12011

Simplice A. Asongu, Mushfiqur Rahman, Richard Adu-Gyamfi, Raufhon Salahodjaev

引用次数: 0

Extended commentary—Keeping the republic: A vision for America 扩展评论-维护共和：美国的愿景

World Affairs Pub Date : 2024-02-25 DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12006

Anthony R. Brunello

{"title":"Extended commentary—Keeping the republic: A vision for America","authors":"Anthony R. Brunello","doi":"10.1002/waf2.12006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/waf2.12006","url":null,"abstract":"The United States is enduring an identity crisis characterized by a polarized political climate precipitating an American culture war. In this battle the Republican Party has been overtaken by “Anti‐wokeism” allied with antidemocratic “states' rights” beliefs claiming an exclusive, antipluralist definition of republic. The extremist right in America insists that America is not a democracy, but a “republic” built to respect the status of a minority characterized as white, nationalist and Christian. “Anti‐wokeism” is an extension of Trumpism and MAGA (Make America Great Again), gathering together antidemocratic forces, fueled by resentment and theories of racial displacement known as the Great Replacement Theory. These forces are overwhelming the modern Republican Party, inspiring homophobia, misogyny, racism, book bans, and violence. This essay addresses the following four elements of this crisis with an eye to a renewed vision of America: (1) the difference between an 18th Century and 21st Century definition of a republic; (2) the antidemocratic states' rights movement; (3) the nature of strongman populism in American politics; and (4) a vision of diversity as the core principle of the American Republic.","PeriodicalId":35790,"journal":{"name":"World Affairs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140432101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Managing forced migration: Overt and covert policies to limit the influx of Ukrainian refugees 管理被迫移民：限制乌克兰难民涌入的公开和隐蔽政策

World Affairs Pub Date : 2024-02-25 DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12005

Alex M. Grosman, Jozef Raadschelders

引用次数: 0