Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A最新文献

{"title":"Height–diameter relationship of plantation-grown juvenile black locust trees is differentiated according to their growth rate, which is positively affected by spacing","authors":"T. Stankova, P. Dimitrova, V. Gyuleva, Penka Stefanova","doi":"10.2478/ffp-2022-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main objective of this study was to explore the height–diameter relationship of plantation-grown juvenile black locust trees and to clarify if the tree height can be adequately predicted at stand level from the breast-height diameter and which is the most appropriate functional form; if the predictions can be expanded to a wider region by mixed-effects modelling and which is the most relevant level for model localisation; if the random parameter components can be calibrated with stand-level variables and which of them is an appropriate predictor. We first fitted seven one-predictor models at plot level and we selected the most adequate simple function according to a set of goodness-of-fit criteria. It was then approximated over the entire data set in nine different mixed-effects model forms that were compared by Likelihood Ratio Test. Calibrations of the random parameter component of the best mixed-effects model with a height–diameter measurement of one tree at each occasion and with a function of a plantation-level variable were attempted. Our study derived a mixed-effects and a two-predictor deterministic models, based on an exponential function of the reciprocal value of the diameter, with a constant intercept of 1.3. Height–diameter relationship localisation at plot level, regardless the geographic region, was most suitable for the investigated juvenile black locust data. The specific component of the rate parameter in the mixed-effects model form differentiated the plantations according to their growth potential. A positive correlation between the height increase and the growing space was also distinguished that allowed calibration of the mixed-effects rate parameter by a linear function of spacing to develop a two-predictor deterministic function. However, the mixed-effects model showed higher predictive power than the purely deterministic relationship.","PeriodicalId":35789,"journal":{"name":"Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A","volume":"32 1","pages":"195 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89381151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human resources for forestry in Kazakhstan: Current status, potential and problems","authors":"V. Kirillov, A. Pathak, S. Kabanova, T. Stikhareva, Sergey Turumbayev, Dinara Savazova, Talgat Kerteshev, A. Rakhimzhanov","doi":"10.2478/ffp-2022-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this research is to assess the current status, potential and problems of human resources for forestry in municipal state forest management institutions (MSFMIs) of Kazakhstan. A total of 120 MSFMIs are functional in Kazakhstan, with almost 5.5 thousand employees, of which 6.1% are women. Overall 63% are foresters, 13% are masters of the wood, 13% are engineers of forestry of all categories, 7% are forest wardens and 4% are directors. The quality of education of forest workers also varies and a minority of forest workers has a higher education. The scenario also suggested that almost 3000 specialists had taken up the advanced training courses from 2003 to 2019. According to a survey of employees of the MSFMIs of two pilot oblasts (Almaty and East Kazakhstan), the average age of an employee is 44.7 years and 79.2% of employees have a work experience of up to 15 years. The main issues and difficulties observed in the work of MSFMIs staff were low wages, lack of modern technique and equipment for forest service, lack of systematic continuing education of employees, poor quality of education, as well as staff turnover, especially foresters, which consequently affects their professional level.","PeriodicalId":35789,"journal":{"name":"Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A","volume":"94 1","pages":"226 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80626109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conversion of low-value stands by corridor method in Left-Bank Forest-Steppe, Ukraine","authors":"M. Vedmid, V. Luk'yanets, Oksana Tarnopilska, M. Rumiantsev, Oleksii Kobets, Iryna Obolonyk, S. Pozniakova, S. Musienko","doi":"10.2478/ffp-2022-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study was to identify the influence of different widths and cardinal directions of felled corridors on the condition and mensuration characteristics of the English oak trees planted there during the conversion of low-value young stands using the corridor method. The study was carried out in oak forests in the forest-steppe zone at a permanent sample plot. The experiment included the conversion of a low-value 8-year-old stand to improve its species composition. The sample plots were laid out in a fertile hardwood forest site. The conversion was realised by felling corridors of various widths (6, 9 and 12 m) and directions and planting English oak trees (Quercus robur L.) within them in rows. For the planted oaks, tending felling was carried out three times: weeding (8 years), cleaning (13 years) and thinning (32 years). A comparative analysis of mensuration characteristics (average height, diameter, growing stock, radial increment, health condition, etc.) was carried out for 32-year-old oak trees grown in the corridors and a part of a low-value stand in the unfelled strips after the tending felling. It was found that the average height and diameter at breast height of oaks in the 6, 9 and 12 m wide corridors of different cardinal directions did not differ significantly. The difference in oak stocks within 6 and 9 m wide corridors of different cardinal directions was also insignificant. The stock differences were statistically significant for 6 and 12 m wide corridors as well as for 9 and 12 m wide ones. The article made recommendations on the width of felled corridors and unfelled strips to effectively convert low-value young stands by the corridor method.","PeriodicalId":35789,"journal":{"name":"Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A","volume":"515 1","pages":"143 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77086917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative studies of the macro- and microstructures of stump-root wood and stemwood","authors":"S. Gayda, Orest Kiyko, M. Guz","doi":"10.2478/ffp-2022-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is found that the existing problem of wood resources can be partially solved by attracting additional reserves, in particular, stump-root wood (SRW). In order to apply SRW in woodworking and to fill the scientific base with indicators of the macro- and microstructures of the stump-root systems of individual species, studies were carried out on the main characteristics that are decisive for using composite materials in the industrial production. Based on the study results, it was found that there are differences in the internal structure between SRW and stemwood (SW). It was found that in all species, the width of annual rings in the SRW was greater than that in the SW, in particular, in pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) – by 84.62%; in spruce (Picea abies Karst.) – by 73.68%; in fir (Abies alba) – by 93.75%; in aspen (Populus tremula L.) – by 35.71% and in birch (Betula pendula Roth.) – by 105.00%. It has been found that the content of late wood in the SRW of coniferous tree species is less than that in the SW, on average by 20–25%, and the number of annual rings per 1 cm in the SRW is 40–52% less than in the SW. Differences in the microscopic structure between SRW and SW are revealed, which consist in the difference in the size of tracheids in softwoods and of vessels and fibres of libriform in hardwoods. It was found that the transverse dimensions of early tracheids in the SRW were larger than in the SW, in particular, in the radial direction by 19–33% and in the tangential direction by no more than 15%, and the interval of dimensions in the radial direction was 1.5–2.5. It was found that the early tracheids of root wood had thinner walls (by 19–28%) and a larger internal cavity (by 15–25%) compared to similar elements of SW. It was revealed that the diameters of vessels and fibres of libriform in SRW are greater than in SW, in particular, in aspen (Populus tremula L.) – by 20.41% for vessels and by 12.95% for libriform fibres and in birch (Betula pendula Roth.) – by 20.69% for vessels and by 18.41% for libriform fibres. The practical significance of the studies lies in the fact that the obtained characteristics of the structural components of the SRW can be used to predict the strength indicators of composite materials.","PeriodicalId":35789,"journal":{"name":"Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A","volume":"37 1","pages":"131 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91209803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coleopterous predators of pine bark beetles in the last years of the outbreak recorded in Ukraine","authors":"V. Meshkova, A. Vorobeĭ, A. Omelich","doi":"10.2478/ffp-2022-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the species composition of coleopterous predators and their occurrence in different parts of the stem depending on the health condition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the collapsing foci of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). The research was carried out in 2019–2021 at 38 sample plots located in five State Forestry Enterprises of Sumy region (Ukraine). All sample plots are located in pure Scots pine stands in relatively poor forest site conditions. The relative density of stocking is 0.6–0.7, and the age of stands is between 60 and 110 years. The health condition for each tree was evaluated on visual characteristics by the classes: first – healthy; second – weakened; third – severely weakened; fourth – drying up; fifth – recently died and sixth – died over a year ago. Bark beetles’ nuptial chambers and predators were counted on 25 × 25 cm pallets, which were located at the lower, middle and upper parts of the stem with thin, thick and transitional bark, respectively. The significance of differences in the performance of predator species depending on the tree part, health condition and year was analysed using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis (K–W) test. The species composition of predators in different years, stem parts and tree health condition was compared using the Sorensen–Chekanovsky index. In the collapsing foci of bark beetles, the health condition of Scots pine in 2019–2021 tended to worsen. The infestation density of Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal, 1827) and Ips sexdentatus (Boerner, 1767) was 0.62 ± 0.032 and 0.64 ± 0.017 nuptial chambers per 1 dm2, respectively, and also decreased in 2019–2021. In the galleries of bark beetles, seven species of coleopterous predators were collected: Aulonium ruficorne (Olivier, 1790) (Zopheridae), Platysoma elongatum (Leach, 1817) (Histeridae), Rhizophagus depressus (Fabricius, 1792) (Monotomidae), Corticeus pini (Panzer, 1799) (Tenebrionidae), Thanasimus formicarius (Linnaeus, 1758), Thanasimus femoralis (Zetterstedt, 1828) (Cleridae) and Salpingus ruficollis (Linnaeus, 1761) (Salpingidae). Two more species – Glischrochilus quadripunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Nitidulidae) and Pytho depressus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Pythidae) – were singly collected in the foci. T. formicarius and P. elongatum were the most abundant. The ratio of predator–prey significantly increased from the upper to the lower part of the stem with thick bark. It, however, decreased in this stem part from the fourth to the sixth class of the health condition of the host tree.","PeriodicalId":35789,"journal":{"name":"Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A","volume":"9 1","pages":"161 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77959168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lelliottia nimipressuralis () as the causative agent of bacterial wetwood disease of common silver fir (Abies alba mill.)","authors":"I. Kulbanska, Petro P. Plikhtyak, Maryna Shvets, M. Soroka, A. Goychuk","doi":"10.2478/ffp-2022-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent decades, in many regions of the planet, there has been a widespread deterioration in the health condition and dieback of dark coniferous forests, caused by the combined action of various stress factors of biotic and abiotic origin. Forests with the participation of species of the genus Abies Mill. are particularly prone to degradation and dieback. The aim of the research is to study the symptoms of bacterial wetwood disease of Abies alba in the Ivano-Frankivsk region (state enterprise ‘Kutske forestry’) and to determine the anatomical, morphological and cultural properties of the pathogen. Some of the common symptoms of the disease include cracks and ulcers on the trunks with exfoliated rhytidome and exudate secretion, massive development of epicormic shoots, saturated xylem and phloem, wet rot with a characteristic odour of fermentation and pathological nucleus. Based on the syntaxonomic analysis of fir forests, an attempt has been made to identify the objective causes that lead to excessive development of phytopathogens and dieback of Abies alba. Our research established that the primary cause of dieback of Abies alba Mill. forests is a systemic, vascular–parenchymal disease known as bacterial wetwood of fir, which affects all plant tissues at all stages of ontogenesis. We isolated and experimentally confirmed that the causative agent of the disease is a phytopathogenic bacterium Lelliottia nimipressuralis (Carter 1945) Brady et al. 2013, which also causes bacterial wetwood in many species of forest woody plants, and also studied its common morphological, physiological and biochemical properties.","PeriodicalId":35789,"journal":{"name":"Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A","volume":"33 1-2 1","pages":"173 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78187346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of vascular plants in herb layers of ecotones in urban and non-urban forests in Brzesko city (Polish Carpathian foreland)","authors":"B. Fornal-Pieniak, A. Mandziuk","doi":"10.2478/ffp-2022-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nowadays, human influence is more noticeable in urban and non-urban ecosystems, which, in turn, leads to the transformation of valuable natural resources. This article presents a study on the diversity of species composition of the vascular herb layer species of ecotones in selected urban forests of the city of Brzesko and in forests outside the city. All forests represented the association of oak–hornbeam plant. The results showed that there are inconsistent and consistent vascular plant species with the Tilio-Carpinetum habitat in urban and non-urban forests. Plant species were significantly (c2 test, p < 0.05) found more frequently in the herb layer of non-urban forests than in urban forests. This proves, among other things, that the influence of anthropogenic activity is more on these objects than in forests outside the city.","PeriodicalId":35789,"journal":{"name":"Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A","volume":"36 1","pages":"156 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85156039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with cork oak and understory vegetation by the anthropogenic factors","authors":"Hana Ksentini, Meddad-Hamza Amel, Beddiar Arifa","doi":"10.2478/ffp-2022-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests are ecosystems of high environmental and socioeconomic value in the Mediterranean basin. However, in Algeria, the cork oak forests are highly threatened by repeated fires, overgrazing and the anthropogenic pressure that weaken the ecosystem of cork oak and affect its natural regeneration. This degradation results in an alteration of many ecological components of the cork oak, such as fungal communities in the soil. Thus, the aim of this work is to study the effects of cork oak stand degradation on the diversity of mycorrhizal communities associated with Quercus suber and some of its understory shrubs (Cistus monspeliensis, Lavandula stoechas and Thymus vulgaris) in the forest of Brabtia (northeastern Algeria).For this purpose, two sites were chosen: one degraded by the anthropogenic factors and the other non-degraded one. Moreover, it is suggested that some plants of the understory shrub vegetation of cork oak, such as the cistus, lavender and thyme, prove to be favourable to the juvenile growth of this tree. The results obtained showed that the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) root colonization of cistus was higher compared to that of cork oak in both stations. The estimation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization showed significantly higher levels in the roots of cork oak, cistus, lavender and thyme in the degraded station compared with the non-degraded stations. In contrast, the rhizosphere soils of cork oak and cistus had low number of AM propagules and fungal spores, while under the roots of lavender and thyme, these two parameters were greatly improved with the abundance of the genera Glomus and Gigaspora. These results underline the need to take into account the plant–fungus interactions in the development of restoration strategies of the degraded soils and forest ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":35789,"journal":{"name":"Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A","volume":"1 1","pages":"184 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78438399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding forest land conversion for agriculture in a developing country context: An application of the theory of planned behaviour among a cohort of Nigerian farmers","authors":"F. Ibrahim, B. Osikabor, Bolanle Tawakalitu Olatunji, Grace Oluwatobi Ogunwale","doi":"10.2478/ffp-2022-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Natural and forest-rich ecosystems are determinants of environmental sustainability, which are threatened by forest land conversion for agricultural purposes, especially in less-developed contexts. Moreover, human behaviour is central to achieving the much desired ecologically balanced environment. Hence, a partly novel model informed by the theory of planned behaviour was used in the examination of forest land conversion for agricultural purposes. The study design was a cross-sectional survey targeted at a group of farmers of southwestern Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire among 320 randomly selected crop farmers. Independent samples t test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test the significance of difference in respondents' forest conversion behaviour across subgroups of gender and age/education, respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to identify the determinants of forest conversion behaviour. Results showed that 87.8% of respondents had ever engaged in forest conversion. Gender and education had no significant effect on forest conversion behaviour (p > 0.05), but age did (p < 0.05). Attitude was the best determinant (β = 0.289, r = 0.510, R2 = 0.260, p < 0.001), subjective norm was better (β = 0.257, r = 0.496, R2 = 0.055, p < 0.001), while perceived behavioural control was good (β = 0.131, r = 0.398, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.012, p < 0.005). The three variables correlated with intention by a degree of 57.2% (multiple R = 0.572), while they explained 32.7% of the variance in intention (R2 =0.327). Intention was also found to be a significant determinant of behaviour (β = 0.222, r = 0.222, R2 = 0.049, p < 0.001). Middle age predisposes to, whereas younger and older age protects against greater extent of forest conversion. The partly novel model derived from the theory of planned behaviour proves the likely viability of the pursuit of socio-psychologically predicated interventions to enthrone forest conservation.","PeriodicalId":35789,"journal":{"name":"Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A","volume":"19 1","pages":"117 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75527065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospects of cultivation of Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) on sandy soils of natural–technogenic origin in Kyiv Polissia","authors":"Fedir Brovko, V. Yukhnovskyi, D. Brovko, Olha Brovko, V. Minder, Yu. S. Urliuk","doi":"10.2478/ffp-2022-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the research was to identify the influence of environmental factors inherent in the alluvial and displaced sands of the study region on the growth of the Jack pine and the prospects for its cultivation. We found that the success of growth of Jack pine seedlings on sandy soils depends on a set of factors, which include the presence or absence, in the rhizosphere of sand, of humus impurities and genetic horizons of zonal soils, silty or loamy layers, soil density and composition of pine stands formed in the cultivation. On alluvial sands, sparse forests of Jack pine and Scots pine with a density of 0.3 units were formed. The yield of seeds from Jack pine cones was 1–2% higher than the normative values, and the mass of 1000 seeds was 50% higher. Jack pine seedlings grow according to I class of productivity on displaced sands, with an admixture of humus mass and remnants of genetic horizons of zonal soils at the root depth. In the rhizosphere of the stand, the roots of Jack pine seedlings occupied 78% of the mass of all roots that inhabited a metre-thick sand. Jack pine seedlings that fall under the canopy of Scots pine fall out of the plantations due to drying, which indicates their demand for light and appropriateness of growing Jack pine in solitary plantings or in mixed low-density plantations with Scots pine.","PeriodicalId":35789,"journal":{"name":"Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A","volume":"66 1","pages":"90 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83960650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}