The Land AgentPub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0003
E. Cameron
{"title":"‘Not a popular personage’: The Factor in Scottish Property Relations, c. 1870–1920","authors":"E. Cameron","doi":"10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with a detailed examination of the humiliation of a factor on the state-owned Kilmuir estate in north Skye in 1909. It then uses a range of evidence - poetry, journalism, estate papers, government records - to discuss the history and memory of this event. This episode is used as a basis for analysing the wider role of factors in Scottish property relations from 1850 to 1920. Different models of factorship are discussed, as are the varying roles of factors – local estate managers, lawyer consultants – and their subordinates, on the estate and beyond its marches. The chapter has a principal focus on the Scottish Highlands, where debates about the role of the factor were at their most intense, but also notes that property relations in urban Scotland were characterised by some of the same tensions between property owners, factors and tenants.","PeriodicalId":354706,"journal":{"name":"The Land Agent","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122260458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Land AgentPub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474438865.003.0004
J. McGregor
{"title":"The Factor and Railway Promotion in the Scottish Highlands: The West Highland Railway","authors":"J. McGregor","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474438865.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474438865.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"A late-comer to the region, the West Highland railway was presented as a “landowners’ line”, emulating the successful schemes of earlier date which genuinely merit this description. Speculation, inter-company rivalry and the prospect of government assistance were the main ingredients of the West Highland project; but a proprietors’ coalition was an essential precondition and estate factors were necessarily involved – as instigators, advisers or parliamentary witnesses. The immediate record of promotion, construction and early operation is rich and there is a wider context of “railway politics” that offers new insights into the intensely varied role of estate factors; that they were not simply agricultural or rural managers, but also industrial and transportation entrepreneurs. As such, their relevance to the historian lies in the industrial as well as the agricultural economy.","PeriodicalId":354706,"journal":{"name":"The Land Agent","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114832456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Land AgentPub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0008
A. Casement
{"title":"The Tenant Right Agitation of 1849–50: Crisis and Confrontation on the Londonderry Estates in County Down","authors":"A. Casement","doi":"10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The numerous sales of landed property which took place under the aegis of Ireland’s Encumbered Estates Court are testimony to the critical blow dealt to the finances of Irish estates by the repeated failure of the potato crop in the 1840s. On the Londonderry estates in County Down, however, the critical moment did not occur until late 1850, and was brought about primarily by the activities of the Tenant League and not the fungus Phytophthora infestans. This chapter discusses the resulting management crisis, unparalleled in the career of an agent of twenty-two years standing, which was not amenable to solution by conventional methods.","PeriodicalId":354706,"journal":{"name":"The Land Agent","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116538845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Land AgentPub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0011
S. Evans
{"title":"‘Between two interests’: Pennant A. Lloyd’s Agency of the Penrhyn Estate, 1860–77","authors":"S. Evans","doi":"10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter uses the Penrhyn estate in Wales as a case study to examine the land agent’s sense of dualism and impartiality, of having responsibility for representing and intermediating between two factions – rich and poor. In this respect, the chapter reinforces one of the central themes highlighted across the case studies featured within this collection; that of the challenges land agents had to face. Though landlords and tenants usually had a strong mutual interest in sustaining good relations, maintaining a balance between their priorities could be fraught with difficulties. On top of this complex role specification, Penrhyn and its environs was emerging as a primary theatre for the playing out of a fierce confrontation about the nature and future of Welsh society.","PeriodicalId":354706,"journal":{"name":"The Land Agent","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114469297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Land AgentPub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0002
David Gent
{"title":"‘Stirring and advancing times’: Landlords, Agents and Improvement on the Castle Howard Estate, 1826–66","authors":"David Gent","doi":"10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This essay explores the career of John Henderson, land agent to the Earls of Carlisle at their Castle Howard estate in Yorkshire between 1827 and the late 1860s. In recent scholarship, historians have increasingly begun to appreciate the importance of land agents in nineteenth-century rural life. It is now evident that agents, as intermediaries between landowners, their tenants and the wider local population, were deeply involved in the social relationships of rural communities. Making use of the voluminous and well-preserved estate records, the essay complements such studies by emphasising the multi-faceted nature of Henderson’s role in the Castle Howard district. It will particularly focus on Henderson’s role as a facilitator of social, economic and technical change. Under the active encouragement of the 7th Earl of Carlisle, a noted liberal politician and reformer, Henderson not only introduced a range of agricultural improvements to the estate, but also a large number of projects aimed at improving the social, economic and moral condition of its population. In doing so, the essay shows that landed estates - and land agents - may have played no less an important part than urban areas in the Victorian culture of 'progress': in participating in what the 7th Earl described as 'stirring and advancing times'.","PeriodicalId":354706,"journal":{"name":"The Land Agent","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131150059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Land AgentPub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0013
A. Tindley
{"title":"‘Castle government’: The Psychologies of Land Management in Northern Scotland, c. 1830–90","authors":"A. Tindley","doi":"10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"By 1861, the Sutherland estates were the largest landed estates in western Europe. Covering over one million acres in the county of Sutherland and bolstered by a private family fortune, the Sutherland estates and the ducal family that owned them were one of the great patrician establishments of Victorian Britain. They were, however, haunted by their reputation as clearance landlords, a reputation that intruded on their rarefied London existence, and more pressingly, on relations between them, their estate managers and the crofting and cottar population in the north of Scotland. This essay explores a number of key themes in relation to the drivers and philosophies of estate ownership and management in post-clearance Sutherland.","PeriodicalId":354706,"journal":{"name":"The Land Agent","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127433753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Land AgentPub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0006
R. Murphy
{"title":"The Courtown Land Agents and Transnational Estate Management, 1850–1900","authors":"R. Murphy","doi":"10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The nature of estate agencies across the four nations during the nineteenth century varied depending on the size and location of the estate, and the financial situation of the landlord. In short, just as estates were not homogenous, neither were the agencies that managed them. This chapter considers the management structure of a transnational estate during the second half of the nineteenth century, using the Courtown estate as a case study. It examines the roles of the agents, sub-agents and bailiffs employed on the estate during this period. It is hoped that the study will enable comparison with other estates within the four nations, leading to a deeper understanding of the role of the land agent during the Victorian period.","PeriodicalId":354706,"journal":{"name":"The Land Agent","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121958956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Land AgentPub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474438865.003.0007
Finlay McKichan
{"title":"Peter Fairbairn: Highland Factor and Caribbean Plantation Manager, 1792–1822","authors":"Finlay McKichan","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474438865.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474438865.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is a case study in the transnational transfer of land agent skills. Peter Fairbairn was first chief factor on the Seaforth estate in Ross-shire, in which position his ability, energy and honesty were much admired by his employer. From 1801 he was attorney of the Seaforth cotton plantations in Berbice, the results of which were so disappointing that by 1811 Lord Seaforth for a time considered dismissing him. The chapter compares his performance in Ross-shire and Berbice, examine how far his skills as a land agent were transferable between the two locations and consider how far the problems in Berbice were due to issues beyond his control.","PeriodicalId":354706,"journal":{"name":"The Land Agent","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128643902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Land AgentPub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0009
L. A. Rees
{"title":"Frustrations and Fears: The Impact of the Rebecca Riots on the Land Agent in Carmarthenshire, 1843","authors":"L. A. Rees","doi":"10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter utilises the extensive correspondence of the Middleton Hall land agent, Thomas Herbert Cooke, as he becomes drawn into the Rebecca Riots during its peak in the summer of 1843. As one of the few Welsh case studies in the volume, this chapter draws parallels with Scottish, Irish and English experiences of upheaval and protest, and its impact on landed estates, and in particular, the role of the land agent. Analysing the archive of personal papers reveals information that would not traditionally be recorded in estate papers, namely the agent’s frustrations and fears. The letters are also revealing of the attitude of a newcomer to the local area, with Cooke critical of the use of the Welsh language in church, the agricultural practices of the tenantry, and poor quality of the land he was expected to manage. Whilst he appears as a rather melancholic character, pessimistic and critical, his tendency to worry was completely justified during the summer of 1843, when he witnessed at first hand the Rebecca Riots. This essay will introduce Cooke and his employer before discussing how the letters chart the activities of Rebecca and her daughters in the immediate vicinity of the estate. It will reveal how the land agent and his employer became targets of Rebecca’s wrath, highlighting the potentially difficult position estate middle-men held within society.","PeriodicalId":354706,"journal":{"name":"The Land Agent","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124952986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Land AgentPub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0010
C. Reilly
{"title":"The Evolution of the Irish Land Agent: The Management of the Blundell Estate in the Eighteenth Century","authors":"C. Reilly","doi":"10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/EDINBURGH/9781474438865.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the management of the 14,000 acre Blundell estate in Ireland during the period 1700-80 and in particular the career of father and son combination, Henry and John Hatch, agents between them for over fifty years. Their agency of the Blundell estate offers an insight into the complexities and evolution of the land agency business in eighteenth-century Ireland. In 1786, a somewhat despondent John Hatch requested to be relieved of his duties as land agent of the Blundell estate in King’s County (Offaly) insisting that the town of Edenderry was ‘dwindling into ruin’. In particular, Hatch, who had replaced his father Henry as agent, highlighted that both distress and poverty were endemic at Edenderry and in general there was not much he could do to overturn circumstances. Faced with the unenviable task of managing an Irish landed estate in decline, Hatch was just one of five agents appointed to the Blundell estate throughout the eighteenth century. He remained in this position until his death in 1797, at which time irregularities were found with his management of the estate. However, this was a frequent occurrence and was something which befell many eighteenth-century landed estates (and indeed later). The reason for such dilatory practice was believed to have stemmed from the fact that the nature of the agents duties was largely imprecise and that the role lacked any professionalism.","PeriodicalId":354706,"journal":{"name":"The Land Agent","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121339541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}