{"title":"Basic Concepts and Definitions","authors":"D. Getz","doi":"10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4026","url":null,"abstract":"It has never been more important to develop professionalism in the forecasting, measurement and evaluation of event and tourism impacts. While there has been widespread acceptance of the sustainability paradigm and principles of social responsibility, combined with serious public debate about the costs and benefits of events, venues and tourism, the problems seem to keep getting worse. The impacts of events and tourism have been studied extensively, yet evaluation and impact assessment have not been given the same attention, so theory and methods are relatively undeveloped (Brown et al., 2015). Hence the need for this book and its companion Event Evaluation.\u0000There are generic principles and established methods available to guide professionals in Impact Assessment (IA) and evaluation, but in the realm of events and tourism we often witness poor methods and a deliberate lack of comprehensiveness, transparency and accountability for both political and selfish reasons. As an introduction to some of the important issues, consider these scenarios relating to events and event tourism. There are four major types of IA discussed in this book and these scenarios introduce them.\u0000","PeriodicalId":353256,"journal":{"name":"Event Impact Assessment","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127379932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic Impact Assessment","authors":"D. Getz","doi":"10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4028","url":null,"abstract":"Concepts for understanding economic impacts, and valid methods of assessment are well developed. In fact, there is so much information available that this is the largest chapter in the book – not the most important. A thorough and accessible reference on the subject is the book Tourism Economics and Policy by Dwyer, Forsyth and Dwyer (2010) as it contains a full chapter on events. Event Tourism (Getz, 2013) also covers economic impact assessment in detail.\u0000There have been well-documented problems with economic impact assessments for tourism and events (Matheson, 2002; Matheson and Baade, 2003; Crompton and McKay, 2004; Tyrell & Ismail, 2005; Crompton, 2006; Davies et al., 2013), pertaining to both how they are done and the purposes they serve. Dwyer and Jago (2014, p.130) identified three main types of criticisms associated with the assessment of the economic impacts of events, commencing with the exaggeration of benefits owing to either deliberate manipulation or faulty methods. Attention has often focused on the use of Input-Output tables to formulate ‘multipliers’, a practice which leads to exaggerated benefits, with a number of scholars preferring Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling.\u0000Most fundamental is the frequent failure to consider all costs and benefits, leading to calls for more comprehensive cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Most economic IAs have utilized only a narrow range of metrics, but even more unfortunate is the continued reliance on multipliers and econometric models, as these ‘black-box’ approaches tend to exaggerate imputed benefits while ignoring costs and equity issues. This is certainly not in keeping with principles of social responsibility and sustainability.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":353256,"journal":{"name":"Event Impact Assessment","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115463694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Impact Assessment","authors":"D. Getz","doi":"10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4027","url":null,"abstract":"Social and cultural change can occur slowly, sometimes invisibly, and in many directions at once. It will usually be difficult to differentiate the changes caused or influenced by events and tourism from wider forces and trends in society. The approach taken in this chapter is to first define social impacts and social impact assessment, then examine the wide range of social impacts that could be the subjects of SIA. A series of figures presents types of social impacts that should be considered for the major subjects of IA, starting with individuals and ending with whole societies. In each of these tables there are suggested goals, methods and indicators. Specific types of social impact are expressed as goal statements, mostly benefits to achieve. The SIA process is then discussed, including methods of particular relevance to SIA for events and tourism. Special attention is given to the concept of social capital and how it can be assessed. Not only is social capital an important topic in the literature and apparently of interest to many policy makers, but exploring how to measure this concept is indicative of the challenges related to other social and cultural theories and concepts. Refer back to Chapter 3 for a parallel discussion of how to construct a theory of change model for social integration and inclusion. For related history and topical overviews, readers are encouraged to consult books that give the big picture, including Exploring the Social Impacts of Events, edited by Richards et al. (2013), and Event Studies by Getz and Page (3d. ed., 2016).","PeriodicalId":353256,"journal":{"name":"Event Impact Assessment","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126977577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ecological Impacts","authors":"D. Getz","doi":"10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4037","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter we examine nature, ecology and ecological impacts, as distinct from the impacts of events and tourism on the built or human environment.\u0000This brings sustainability to the fore, and that is a term that has to be examined carefully with reference to the ‘greening’ of events, different interpretations of the meaning of sustainability, and how this influences evaluation and impact assessment.\u0000It is also very useful to examine environmental impacts ON events, as opposed to the impacts OF events. This involves an illustration of the event settings spectrum that identifies important variables related to the differences between indoor events and those situated in natural environments.\u0000The subjects and objects of ecological impact assessment for events and tourism are examined in detail, presenting goals, methods and indicators that can be applied to the full range of ‘subjects’ – individuals and families or the entire nation.\u0000The process of EIA follows the generic IA process model, with a number of special considerations. Methods include the Leopold Matrix, Forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Response model, and carbon and ecological footprint analysis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":353256,"journal":{"name":"Event Impact Assessment","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128295146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cultural Impacts","authors":"D. Getz","doi":"10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4034","url":null,"abstract":"Cultural impact assessment (CIA) is often combined with social impacts, but there are often very good reasons for a separate approach. CIA is especially relevant for festivals and cultural celebrations, and any event featuring ethnic, indigenous and multicultural themes, or events and tourism located in sensitive cultural communities. This chapter starts with definitions of culture and its elements, leading to an overview of the main related themes found in the tourism and event literature. A set of goals, related methods and key impact indicators is presented as a way to begin thinking about cultural impact assessment. The process and methods of CIA is then detailed, incorporating concepts and methods from earlier chapters.","PeriodicalId":353256,"journal":{"name":"Event Impact Assessment","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132781097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact Assessment Process, Measures and Methods","authors":"D. Getz","doi":"10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23912/978-1-911635-03-1-4030","url":null,"abstract":"We start with four planning or process models: one for forecasting impacts (the kind usually required by legislation for major projects); one for post-event or post-development IA; one of retrospective assessments of the impacts of events and tourism on a given state of the economy, environment or society; and another for strategic impact assessment (for policies, programmes and strategies). Figure 3.1 compares these models, with the ten steps in the forecasting model being the benchmark. Then a range of generic methods or tools are presented, all of which can be adapted for many possible applications. Most basic is the IA Matrix, generally used to break down a project into its components and identify possible impacts of each. Other generic methods include flowcharts, checklists, mapping, decision trees, scenarios, consultations, forecasting with simulations, and trend analysis. Logic and TOC models have been explained in the previous chapter. Additional methods are discussed in the ensuing chapters, more pertinent to social, cultural, ecological, built-environment or economic impacts.","PeriodicalId":353256,"journal":{"name":"Event Impact Assessment","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121653140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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