Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience最新文献_第10页

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-12-22 DOI: 10.1159/000366239

Stephen Meairs

{"title":"Sonothrombolysis.","authors":"Stephen Meairs","doi":"10.1159/000366239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000366239","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound (US) applied as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy improves the recanalization of occluded vessels, and microbubbles can amplify this effect. New data suggests that the combination of US and microbubbles without tissue plasminogen activator may achieve recanalization with a lower risk of hemorrhage. Further possibilities include specific targeting of thrombus with immunobubbles as well as local drug delivery with US-sensitive liposomes. Clinical studies support the use of US for ischemic stroke therapy, and the first trials of enhancing sonothrombolysis with microbubbles have been encouraging. One emerging clinical application is sonothrombolysis of intracranial hemorrhages for clot evacuation. Microcirculation, irrespective of recanalization, may also be improved by US and microbubbles, and this effect may open new opportunities for the application of sonothrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Understanding the mechanisms of therapeutic action and relating this knowledge to issues of efficacy and safety are important objectives of ongoing research. This review will discuss the translational capacities of in vitro studies and preclinical research and will assess the first clinical studies of this promising therapeutic strategy.","PeriodicalId":35285,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience","volume":"36 ","pages":"83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000366239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32926219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Physical principles of microbubbles for ultrasound imaging and therapy. 超声成像和治疗微泡的物理原理。

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-12-22 DOI: 10.1159/000366223

Eleanor Stride

引用次数: 28

Intima-media thickness of carotid arteries. 颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度。

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-12-22 DOI: 10.1159/000366234

Pierre-Jean Touboul

引用次数: 27

Emergency Imaging of Intracerebral Haemorrhage. 脑出血的急诊影像。

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000437110

F. Alobeidi, R. Aviv

{"title":"Emergency Imaging of Intracerebral Haemorrhage.","authors":"F. Alobeidi, R. Aviv","doi":"10.1159/000437110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000437110","url":null,"abstract":"Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating condition with high mortality and morbidity despite advances in neurocritical care. Early deterioration is common in the first few hours after ICH onset, secondary to rapid haematoma expansion and growth. Rapid diagnosis and aggressive early management of these patients are therefore crucial. Imaging plays a key role in establishing the diagnosis and the underlying aetiology of ICH, identifying complications and predicting patients who are at high risk for haematoma expansion. In this chapter, we present an evidence-based imaging framework for the management of spontaneous ICH in the acute setting. Non-enhanced computed tomography is long established as the gold standard for ICH diagnosis but has limitations in demonstrating the underlying aetiology in cases of secondary ICH. There is now growing evidence for the ability of non-invasive angiography to establish the underlying aetiology and to predict further haematoma expansion. The presence of small enhancing foci within the haematoma on computed tomography angiography (CTA), the CTA Spot Sign, has been prospectively validated as a predictor of haematoma expansion. Early identification of patients at risk of haematoma expansion allows for the appropriate escalation of care to a neurosurgical team, admission to a neurocritical care unit, appropriate supportive therapy and targeted novel medical and surgical interventions. Catheter angiography, which remains the gold standard for identifying underlying secondary vascular lesions, should be used in selected cases. However, non-invasive vascular imaging should be considered as an important step in the diagnosis and early management of secondary ICH patients. Previous concerns related to the radiation dose, contrast-induced nephropathy and cost are addressed in this chapter. Recently, animal models have enabled the qualitative assessment of haematoma expansion, and our increased understanding of ICH may inform future trials of targeted medical and surgical therapies.","PeriodicalId":35285,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience","volume":"66 1","pages":"13-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80387705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Emergency Reversal Strategies for Anticoagulation and Platelet Disorders. 抗凝和血小板疾病的紧急逆转策略。

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000437113

M. Levi

引用次数: 1

Prognosis and Outcome of Intracerebral Haemorrhage. 脑出血的预后和转归。

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000437122

S. Moulin, C. Cordonnier

{"title":"Prognosis and Outcome of Intracerebral Haemorrhage.","authors":"S. Moulin, C. Cordonnier","doi":"10.1159/000437122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000437122","url":null,"abstract":"Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) accounts for approximately 15% of all strokes and is a leading cause of disability, with a one-month mortality rate of 40%. Whereas factors predicting short-term mortality are well known, data regarding long-term outcome are scarce and imprecise. The two main underlying vasculopathies responsible for ICH, i.e. deep perforating vasculopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, might have an impact on the overall prognosis of ICH survivors. ICH survivors are at high risk of epileptic seizures, depression and cognitive impairment, which may influence their functional outcome. Lobar location of an ICH, frequently due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, partly determines the long-term risk of recurrent haemorrhage. Because of common vascular risk factors, patients with ICH are also at considerable risk of serious ischaemic events. Risks of future ischaemic events may be as high as that of recurrent ICH, raising the relevance of antithrombotic treatment in ICH survivors. Future studies of long-term follow-up after ICH are needed to determine predictors of outcome, including biomarkers of the underlying vasculopathies, to tailor preventive strategies to survivors.","PeriodicalId":35285,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience","volume":"506 Pt B 1","pages":"182-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83495446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 24

New Insights in Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage. 脑出血微创手术治疗新进展。

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000437120

Wei-min Wang, Chen Jiang, Hong-min Bai

引用次数: 5

Paul Sollier, Pierre Janet, and their vicinity. 保罗·索利尔，皮埃尔·珍妮特，以及他们附近的人。

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-06-26 DOI: 10.1159/000360056

Olivier Walusinski

{"title":"Paul Sollier, Pierre Janet, and their vicinity.","authors":"Olivier Walusinski","doi":"10.1159/000360056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000360056","url":null,"abstract":"Paul Sollier (1861-1933) and Pierre Janet (1859-1947) shared the same fate: achieving fame during their lives, then slipping into obscurity. However, their work is highly relevant for describing and explaining hysteria in the tradition of Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893). Both men had their teacher's clinical perspicacity, which enabled them to accumulate detailed clinical and psychological descriptions. These were published in books that achieved success in their day. From his descriptions, Sollier deduced a pathophysiology of hysteria in which a psychic inhibition led to a functional deficit in sensory-motor areas. This is partially confirmed by current functional brain imaging techniques. As for Janet, he developed concepts which are still valid today, involving personality dissociation, what he referred to as 'fixed ideas', and the subconscious. Sollier and Janet both saw hysteria as a response to the trigger of an emotional shock, specific to certain personalities. While the fundamental work by Joseph Babinski (1857-1932) on hysterical paralysis did much to enrich neurological semiology, Sollier contributed a novel description of the pathophysiology of hysteria, and Janet elucidated its psychopathological mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":35285,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience","volume":"35 ","pages":"126-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000360056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32711402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Transient ischemic attack as a medical emergency. 短暂性脑缺血发作作为医疗紧急情况。

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-10-11 DOI: 10.1159/000351889

Yasushi Okada

{"title":"Transient ischemic attack as a medical emergency.","authors":"Yasushi Okada","doi":"10.1159/000351889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000351889","url":null,"abstract":"Since transient ischemic attack (TIA) is regarded as a medical emergency with high risk for early stroke recurrence, the underlying mechanisms should be immediately clarified to conclude a definitive diagnosis and provide early treatment. Early risk stratification using ABCD(2) scores can predict the risk of ischemic stroke occurring after TIA. Carotid ultrasonography (US) can evaluate the degree of stenosis, plaque properties and flow velocity of ICA lesions. High-risk mobile plaques can be classified by carotid US, and aortogenic sources of emboli can be detected by transesophageal echocardiography. Cardiac monitoring and blood findings are thought to play a key role in a diagnosis of cardioembolic TIA. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-MRI and MR angiography are also indispensable to understand the mechanism of TIA and cerebral circulation. To prevent subsequent stroke arising from TIA, antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies should be started immediately along with comprehensive management of life-style, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and other atherosclerotic diseases. Carotid endarterectomy and endovascular intervention are critical for treating symptomatic patients with significant stenosis of ICA. A novel concept of acute cerebrovascular syndrome (ACVS) has recently been advocated to increase awareness of TIA among citizens, patients and medical professionals. TIA should be recognized as the last opportunity to avoid irreversible ischemic stroke and its sequelae. The clinical relevance of the new concept of ACVS is advocated by early recurrence after TIA, analysis of high-risk TIA, treatment strategies and the optimal management of TIA. Raising TIA awareness should also proceed across many population sectors. ","PeriodicalId":35285,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience","volume":"33 ","pages":"19-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000351889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40261942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

What animals can teach clinicians about the hippocampus. 动物可以教给临床医生关于海马体的知识。

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-04-16 DOI: 10.1159/000356418

Pierre Lavenex, Pamela Banta Lavenex, Grégoire Favre

{"title":"What animals can teach clinicians about the hippocampus.","authors":"Pierre Lavenex, Pamela Banta Lavenex, Grégoire Favre","doi":"10.1159/000356418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000356418","url":null,"abstract":"Abnormalities in hippocampal structure and function have been reported in a number of human neuropathological and neurodevelopmental disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. Given the complexity of these disorders, animal studies are invaluable and remain to date irreplaceable, providing fundamental knowledge regarding the basic mechanisms underlying normal and pathological human brain structure and function. However, there is a prominent ill-conceived view in current research that scientists should be restricted to using animal models of human diseases that can lead to results applicable to humans within a few years. Although there is no doubt that translational studies of this kind are important and necessary, limiting animal studies to applicable questions is counterproductive and will ultimately lead to a lack of knowledge and an inability to address human health problems. Here, we discuss findings regarding the normal postnatal development of the monkey hippocampal formation, which provide an essential framework to consider the etiologies of different neuropathological disorders affecting human hippocampal structure and function. We focus on studies of gene expression in distinct hippocampal regions that shed light on some basic mechanisms that might contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia. We argue that researchers, as well as clinicians, should not consider the use of animals in research only as 'animal models' of human diseases, as they will continue to need and benefit from a better understanding of the normal structure and functions of the hippocampus in 'model animals'.","PeriodicalId":35285,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience","volume":"34 ","pages":"36-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000356418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32297035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2