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Strategic hedging in the Black Sea: The case of Turkey versus Russia 黑海的战略对冲：土耳其对俄罗斯的案例
Comparative Strategy Pub Date : 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111908
Eray Alim
{"title":"Strategic hedging in the Black Sea: The case of Turkey versus Russia","authors":"Eray Alim","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2111908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2111908","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although strategic hedging has attracted increasing scholarly attention in the study of how secondary states manage their relations with a neighboring great power, existing works on the subject suffer from a serious defect: privileging unit-level variables over structural determinants and security imperatives. The crux of secondary state hedging, however, is to manage the power imbalance against a local great power and security requirements must therefore be considered as the prime determinant behind decisions to embrace hedging strategies. I shall examine this hypothesis against the empirical evidence provided by the case of Turkey and Russia in the Black Sea region.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"459 - 482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44393399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The extension of Turkish influence and the use of drones 土耳其影响力的扩大和无人机的使用
Comparative Strategy Pub Date : 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111907
Won-June Hwang, Seung-Hoon Song
{"title":"The extension of Turkish influence and the use of drones","authors":"Won-June Hwang, Seung-Hoon Song","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2111907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2111907","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Turkey has intervened in conflicts in surrounding states with its locally developed drones, which have been the chief factor behind its military success, and has accomplished its goals without drawing unfavorable responses from other powers. The features of drones, low economic and political cost, allowed Turkey to achieve its goals. This article analyzes Turkey’s development of drones and its interventions in Libya, Syria, and Nagorno-Karabakh, where Turkish drones proved their military effectiveness and diplomatic celerity, earning Turkey a reputation as a reliable ally and a potential defense exporter, which has raised its national pride and confidence in expanding its influence.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"439 - 458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47192079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The role of Russian air and missile defense systems 俄罗斯防空和导弹防御系统的作用
Comparative Strategy Pub Date : 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2111911
Nicholas Benton
{"title":"The role of Russian air and missile defense systems","authors":"Nicholas Benton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2111911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2111911","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Russia’s nuclear and missile defense capabilities ensure its status on the global stage. In addition to protecting the homeland, contemporary Russia’s air and missile defense systems (AMDS) are harnessed as tools to undermine the West and contribute to the Kremlin’s global ties. Since the Cold War, Russia has sought to establish a global footprint; AMDS has served the Russian state as a reliable agent to expand its influence while simultaneously constraining that of the West, and in particular, the United States. Understanding how Russia employs AMDS will prove crucial to comprehending Russia’s global objectives and interests.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"483 - 497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45456231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Grey wars: A contemporary history of U.S. special operations 灰色战争:美国特种作战的当代历史
Comparative Strategy Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087437
D. Walton
{"title":"Grey wars: A contemporary history of U.S. special operations","authors":"D. Walton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087437","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"437 - 438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48407296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Blue homelands and red strongholds: The Libyan Civil War in Turkish and Russian strategy 蓝色家园和红色据点:土耳其和俄罗斯战略中的利比亚内战
Comparative Strategy Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087425
Jay Mens
{"title":"Blue homelands and red strongholds: The Libyan Civil War in Turkish and Russian strategy","authors":"Jay Mens","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087425","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Libya’s geopolitical importance stems from its vast energy resources, its position in relation to Southern Europe, and its position at the entrance to the Eastern Mediterranean. Over the last two years, Libya’s civil war has provided an opportunity for Russia and Turkey to compete for long-term strategic gains in the Eastern Mediterranean. This article examines the geopolitics of Libya and the involvement of Russia and Turkey in the Libyan Civil War in the context of their interests and strategies in the Eastern Mediterranean, arguing that Russian and Turkish involvement in Libya broadly follows a deeper pattern of Russian and Turkish strategy in the Mediterranean that began in the 18th Century.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"370 - 387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46919921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Tailored engagement: Assessing Japan’s strategic culture and its impact on U.S. – China competition 量身定制的接触:评估日本的战略文化及其对美中竞争的影响
Comparative Strategy Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087434
J. Bradley
{"title":"Tailored engagement: Assessing Japan’s strategic culture and its impact on U.S. – China competition","authors":"J. Bradley","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087434","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The concept of “Strategic Culture” has enjoyed a resurgence in the last two decades as a method for understanding the behavior and decision making of potential adversaries. Strategic culture assessment methodologies offer a way to examine the policy choices of states, while accounting for ethnocentric biases. While these assessments have been used widely for analyzing adversaries, they are underutilized in assessing allies. The emergence of great power competition between the U.S. and China will increase pressure on the U.S.-Japan alliance. Increasing the understanding of Japan’s strategic culture will provide the United States insight into ways to engage with Japan to make strategies to compete with China more effective.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"388 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44961005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Decision-making style and victory in battle—Is there a relation? 决策风格与战斗胜利——有关系吗?
Comparative Strategy Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087436
L. Henåker
{"title":"Decision-making style and victory in battle—Is there a relation?","authors":"L. Henåker","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087436","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Can decision-making styles impact victory and defeat in armed conflicts? To answer the question of whether decision-making styles are linked to the victories and defeats of individual tacticians, this study utilizes five general decision-making styles: Rational, Intuitive, Dependent, Avoidant and Spontaneous. The aim of this study is to examine whether one or several of the general decision-making styles (GDMS) have an impact on tactical outcomes in wargames. A total of 104 officers and academics participated in the study. The study’s foremost conclusion is that the Dependent style is significantly connected to defeat in the wargame’s dueling set up.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"415 - 436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43632769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Small state security sector assistance in the age of great power competition 大国竞争时代的小国家安全部门援助
Comparative Strategy Pub Date : 2022-07-12 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087435
Marius Kristiansen, Njål Hoem
{"title":"Small state security sector assistance in the age of great power competition","authors":"Marius Kristiansen, Njål Hoem","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087435","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article argues how Security Sector Assistance (SSA) can be seen as a relevant tool for achieving small states strategic objectives in an indirect manner. The article directs focus toward how small states, by thinking indirectly, can ensure their own security concerns are being managed and remain influential actors in regional and global security politics in an age of great power competition. The soon-to-be two decades long, and still ongoing, global war on terror has defined several small states’ militaries around the world. This makes the current shift toward great power competition even more challenging. The interaction between great powers are dictating international politics; their strategic choices continuously shaping regional and global security. Small states seem to end up with little to no opportunity to influence the overall security-situation, international and regional strategies or politics. Yet, the authors argue there is plenty room for maneuver that allow small states to have a significant impact, and be a valuable partner – not a “free rider.”","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"403 - 414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48251095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Space as a warfighting domain: Reshaping policy to execute 21st century spacepower 太空作为一个作战领域:重塑政策以执行21世纪的太空力量
Comparative Strategy Pub Date : 2022-07-06 DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2022.2087419
S. Lambakis
{"title":"Space as a warfighting domain: Reshaping policy to execute 21st century spacepower","authors":"S. Lambakis","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2022.2087419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2087419","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There has been a shift in opinion in the U.S. governing and defense-planning circles causing leaders to accept the reality that space is a warfighting domain. Despite arguments put forth over the past several decades by sanctuary-policy proponents that space should remain free of Earth’s conflicts, reality has dictated otherwise as other powerful nations have acquired the capabilities to execute offensive and defensive operations within the space domain. The U.S. national vision for space must fold in the reality of possible combat engagements in space. If we are to ensure space dominance, the U.S. administration and the nation’s lawmakers will have to take some policy risks in a time when near-peer competition in space is growing rapidly and significantly. Inaction, inadequate action, or misguided action will have negative effects, and place at risk the U.S. ability to enforce its deterrence strategy and fight a battle that may involve space warfare.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"41 1","pages":"331 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47669650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
α2,6-Sialylation is Upregulated in Severe COVID-19 Implicating the Complement Cascade. α2,6-Sialylation在严重COVID-19中上调，暗示着补体级联。
Comparative Strategy Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.06.22275981
Rui Qin, Emma Kurz, Shuhui Chen, Briana Zeck, Luis Chiribogas, Dana Jackson, Alex Herchen, Tyson Attia, Michael Carlock, Amy Rapkiewicz, Dafna Bar-Sagi, Bruce Ritchie, Ted M Ross, Lara K Mahal
{"title":"α2,6-Sialylation is Upregulated in Severe COVID-19 Implicating the Complement Cascade.","authors":"Rui Qin, Emma Kurz, Shuhui Chen, Briana Zeck, Luis Chiribogas, Dana Jackson, Alex Herchen, Tyson Attia, Michael Carlock, Amy Rapkiewicz, Dafna Bar-Sagi, Bruce Ritchie, Ted M Ross, Lara K Mahal","doi":"10.1101/2022.06.06.22275981","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2022.06.06.22275981","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Better understanding of the mechanisms of COVID-19 severity is desperately needed in current times. Although hyper-inflammation drives severe COVID-19, precise mechanisms triggering this cascade and what role glycosylation might play therein is unknown. Here we report the first high-throughput glycomic analysis of COVID-19 plasma samples and autopsy tissues. We find α2,6-sialylation is upregulated in plasma of patients with severe COVID-19 and in the lung. This glycan motif is enriched on members of the complement cascade, which show higher levels of sialylation in severe COVID-19. In the lung tissue, we observe increased complement deposition, associated with elevated α2,6-sialylation levels, corresponding to elevated markers of poor prognosis (IL-6) and fibrotic response. We also observe upregulation of the α2,6-sialylation enzyme ST6GAL1 in patients who succumbed to COVID-19. Our work identifies a heretofore undescribed relationship between sialylation and complement in severe COVID-19, potentially informing future therapeutic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9196116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81120339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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