{"title":"Everything seemed to change at once: women’s liberation and the women’s movement(s) from the 1960s","authors":"G. Hague","doi":"10.46692/9781447356349.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447356349.002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines women’s liberation and the women’s movement(s) from the 1960s onwards, in the UK and other countries, with background contextualising history and memoir. It describes the way that the new passionate women’s movements erupted out of the post-World War II period and the social ferment and wide-ranging social movements for liberation at the end of the 1960s. The passion and verve of the women’s liberation movement is described in terms of consciousness raising, patriarchy, collective organising, and ‘the personal is political’. The chapter outlines the development of a dazzling array of groups and actions from the early 1970s on, addressing, for example, abortion, equal pay, education, childcare, sexual freedom, the lesbian movement and social liberation for women. They included campaigns, demonstrations, theatre groups, music, conferences, work with trade unions, books, newsletters, daily transformations and the Seven Demands of the Women’s Liberation Movement. The book addresses the challenges raised by, and the development of, the independent Black women’s movement.","PeriodicalId":351064,"journal":{"name":"History and Memories of the Domestic Violence Movement","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127549859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wider feminist principles and domestic violence: making a new world","authors":"G. Hague","doi":"10.46692/9781447356349.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447356349.007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter continues the discussion of the underly principles of the domestic violence movement. It debates its foundation in ideas about self-determination and empowerment for women survivors/victims of violence. It documents the struggles in the movement against racism, oppression and inequality. It also asks if the movement was sometimes slightly idealistic in its attempts to flatten hierarchies and break down power differences between women of different backgrounds and between women using the services and those providing them. The chapter discusses the commitment of the movement to being women only (with the contradictions this involves) after the decision to exclude men from the mid-1970s on. The chapter also discusses the reasons for the end of most of the collectives after twenty or more years in the early 2000s. The chapter concludes with a poem celebrating the early work into the 1990s of Bristol Women’s Aid.","PeriodicalId":351064,"journal":{"name":"History and Memories of the Domestic Violence Movement","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124624054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Taking on rape and sexual violence, as well as domestic abuse","authors":"G. Hague","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1p6hpg8.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1p6hpg8.10","url":null,"abstract":"While the book is focused on domestic violence and abuse, this chapter looks at the equally important issues around wider sexual violence and rape. The rape crisis movement evolved at the same time as, and in close collaboration with, the domestic abuse movement, building, similarly, on consciousness raising and collective working. It resulted in a pioneering network of women’s rape crisis phone lines and centres. The chapter outlines the development and challenges of the rape crisis movement, with some examples referencing the original London Rape Crisis Centre. It also addresses WAVAW (Women Against Violence Against Women) and the Reclaim the Night movement. It brings the discussions of sexual violence services up-to-date with a look at Sexual Abuse Referral Centres (SARCs) and anti-rape campaigns.","PeriodicalId":351064,"journal":{"name":"History and Memories of the Domestic Violence Movement","volume":"349 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131509176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A radical women’s politics: the light of innovation and new ways to organise","authors":"G. Hague","doi":"10.46692/9781447356349.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447356349.006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapters 6 discuss the innovations in working with violence survivors and the new ways to organise which the domestic violence movement pioneered. They reflect on these radical, sometimes revolutionary, practices within the early refuges and the first domestic violence services in the UK, but elsewhere too. Some of these practices are no longer so prevalent, and the two chapters suggest that it is important to record them for the future while some of the women who made them are still with us. It is worth returning to, and learning from, their zeal and innovation. Chapter 6 documents the contributions of refuge, child support and outreach workers, the challenges of accepting funding, and the work of the ‘Support Group’, an informal collective form of a management committee. It discusses the radical notion of everyone involved, including the women using services, being members of the collective, and the brave challenges and successes of collective working. It debates women in the refuges having a say in decision-making and being eligible for jobs/careers, and radical employment practices for workers including women from working class backgrounds being offered greater job longevity. It outlines the collective regional and national organisation of Women’s Aid and refuges, in terms of spreading democratic decision-making.","PeriodicalId":351064,"journal":{"name":"History and Memories of the Domestic Violence Movement","volume":"36 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113940850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Activist responses, justice and shelters (refuges) across the world","authors":"G. Hague","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1p6hpg8.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1p6hpg8.15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses activist responses across the world to domestic violence and abuse, and the development of shelters (refuges) in other countries. It starts with a look at international initiatives to work with the police, for example, the Special Cell for Women and Children in India, the Canadian London, Ontario, initiatives and women’s police stations in Brazil. It debates whether shelters / refuges are a Western concept, and the necessity for context-specific projects in countries of the Global South. It continues by looking at the pioneering work of the World Conference of Shelters and the Global Network of Women’s Shelters. The chapter concludes with a tribute to the women’s activists on domestic violence who now span the globe and a poem honouring Middle Eastern activists and their work on ‘honour’-based violence.","PeriodicalId":351064,"journal":{"name":"History and Memories of the Domestic Violence Movement","volume":"25 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115996627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The violence against women movements burst into life","authors":"G. Hague","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1p6hpg8.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1p6hpg8.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter moves on to domestic violence. It discusses the new, challenging and radical movements which sprang out of women’s liberation, specifically to address sexual violence and domestic abuse. These movements, in the UK and internationally, stepped forward into the unknown. They began campaigning about domestic and other forms of violence against women in the early 1970s, and then developed the new idea of setting up specific women’s services. The chapter covers these unprecedented developments from the first glimmerings to the establishing of refuges, rape crisis centres and campaigns, and their subsequent evolution. Such services had never been seen before and they challenged the roots of men’s control over women. The chapter celebrates these stunningly brave developments led by dedicated women. It looks at the development of the Women’s Aid federations over time and the challenges mounted by Black women and the Black women’s movement. These resulted in the subsequent setting up of specialist projects for Black and minority women, e.g. the network of refuges for women of South Asian descent. The new women’s domestic violence services were passionate moves forward and the chapter charts their development into the 1980s.","PeriodicalId":351064,"journal":{"name":"History and Memories of the Domestic Violence Movement","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128970181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"As time went on: the movements on domestic violence and harmful practices grow","authors":"G. Hague","doi":"10.46692/9781447356349.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447356349.008","url":null,"abstract":"The movements on domestic violence and abuse expanded as time went on. This chapter brings the discussion of domestic violence services from the late 1980s to the 2020s. It discusses the challenges thrown up by the growth of domestic violence services as time went on and the evolution of accepted definitions. It debates, the development of specialist BMER services (including the Asian Women’s Resource Centre, Brent, and Southall Black Sisters) and services for abused women from other diverse communities. The chapter charts the development of Women’s Aid in the 2000s and of projects in the wider movement like Refuge, AVA, SafeLives and Justice for Women. It discusses the development of attention to harmful practices, like FGM, forced marriage and ‘honour’-based violence, and the struggles against them.","PeriodicalId":351064,"journal":{"name":"History and Memories of the Domestic Violence Movement","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116465016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Expanding the movements, gaining the evidence: feminist research and transnational action","authors":"G. Hague","doi":"10.46692/9781447356349.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447356349.011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at the pioneering development of activist-based feminist research methods on violence against women. This type of research is often characterised by collaboration as a principle and making something new in terms of robust research in the service of the domestic violence movement. The centres subsequently set up by feminist researchers include the Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London, and the Violence Against Women Research Group (now Centre for Gender and Violence Research), Bristol. The chapter discusses the work since 1985 of the BSA Violence against Women Study Group. It concludes with a discussion of trans-national feminist action, research and partnerships which avoid the inappropriate imposition of Western ideas. The chapter highlights the deep humanity and humility required to make such partnerships work. It concludes with an example of participatory action research in Uganda and a tribute to the work of the Ugandan organisation, Mifumi, including a poem honouring especially the women from Ugandan villages involved.","PeriodicalId":351064,"journal":{"name":"History and Memories of the Domestic Violence Movement","volume":"15 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132675077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Struggling to change: campaigns, laws, and local and global strategies","authors":"G. Hague","doi":"10.46692/9781447356349.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447356349.009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at campaigns and social action on domestic violence and rape in the UK across the years, including the End Violence Against Women Campaign and Imkaan. It outlines the global instruments on gender-based violence, and domestic abuse legislation, especially in England and Wales and in Scotland, including the pioneering laws of the 1970s, and activist work to campaign for/improve this legislation. It describes the development of wider collaborations, ‘violence against women and girls’ strategies and multi-agency coordination, bringing agencies and services together to mount coordinated responses. The chapter pays tribute to the late Ellen Pence and the Duluth (USA) Domestic Abuse Intervention Program. It describes the pioneering previous work of the Greater London Domestic Violence Project, and of helplines and men’s projects. It analyses the evolution of commissioning frameworks which can disadvantage smaller organisations, and of mainstreaming. The development of large organisations incorporating many domestic violence services and of a strong emphasis on risk assessment are also outlined. The chapter discusses austerity and funding shortages in the 2010s which have led to project closures and have affected Black and minority domestic violence projects disproportionately. The chapter concludes with a poem about women’s activists in the Middle East and Iraqi Kurdistan.","PeriodicalId":351064,"journal":{"name":"History and Memories of the Domestic Violence Movement","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115888948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"End word","authors":"Gill Hague","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1p6hpg8.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1p6hpg8.17","url":null,"abstract":"The final chapter briefly sums up the book and the achievements that have been made in challenging domestic violence, even though there is still so far to go. It includes a quote from esteemed elder in the movement, Jalna Hanmer. Describing the movement against violence against women as building a tapestry to which groups, services and activists contribute (a metaphor originally developed by Liz Kelly), the book ends with a call for us all to add our shining threads to this tapestry.","PeriodicalId":351064,"journal":{"name":"History and Memories of the Domestic Violence Movement","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127881916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}