The Cardinal Edge最新文献

{"title":"Comparing Medical Student Nonverbal Behavior With Cisgender And Transgender Standardized Patients","authors":"M. Schneider","doi":"10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/14","url":null,"abstract":"It is essential for medical students to effectively communicate with patients of all gender identities. Evaluating nonverbal behavior is one way to assess the quality of patient care – examining providers’ behaviors while working with cisgender and transgender patients can identify potential biases linked to patient identity. To evaluate nonverbal behavior, the authors analyzed video-recorded training sessions with medical students interviewing standardized patients who identified as cisgender or transgender women. All students identified as cisgender men or cisgender women. The authors rated ten nonverbal behaviors from 1-7 and noted whether these behaviors were perceived to detract from the encounter. Average scores for nonverbal behaviors were similar between students working with cisgender and transgender patients. Nodding frequency showed the largest difference between cisgender (m = 5.65) and transgender (m = 4.93) patients. When considering student gender identity, cisgender men had lower facial expressivity and smiling frequency scores on average but higher scores for unnecessary silence compared to cisgender women across encounters. Detracting behaviors that negatively impacted the patient encounters were most likely to be self-touching/unpurposive movements (41%) and unnecessary silences (26%). Among the students, cisgender men demonstrated detracting behaviors at a higher rate than cisgender women. The consistency in nonverbal behavior during encounters with cisgender and transgender patients is encouraging. It is possible that LGBTQ health training in medical education contributed to this outcome; however, differences in verbal communication could contribute more to health disparities for transgender patients. Additional practice with unpurposive movements and unnecessary silences could improve nonverbal communication skills.","PeriodicalId":349818,"journal":{"name":"The Cardinal Edge","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129093680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure on Causing Developmental Defects Associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorders","authors":"Jordan Powerll","doi":"10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":349818,"journal":{"name":"The Cardinal Edge","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129220405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of the Biological Function of Rab-GGT β-Subunits by Reverse Techniques","authors":"B. Seibert","doi":"10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/6","url":null,"abstract":"Identification of the Biological Function of RabGGT β-Subunits by Reverse Techniques Briana Seibert, Hyun Jin Jung, Mark Running 1 The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA ABSTRACT Protein prenylation is a post-translational process where lipids are added to carboxyl end groups of amino acids, which allows proteins to function properly in the eukaryotic cell. The job of prenylation is to target certain proteins to specific membranes and promote desirable protein-protein interactions. In our study we used reverse genetics techniques to investigate the function of protein prenylation in plant development. To discern the function of protein prenylation, we examined the phenotypic changes caused by specific gene disruptions. In this study the model organism Physcomitrella patens (moss) is utilized due to its simple structure, limited quantities of tissues and cells, fully sequenced genome, and high gene targeting efficiency. Rab geranylgeranyl transferase-II (Rab-GGT) is one of three enzymes that can perform protein prenylation – however, the function of Rab-GGT in vivo is largely unknown. P. patens has one copy of Rab-GGT α subunit gene (PpRGTA1) and two copies of β subunit genes (PpRGTB1 and PpRGTB2). This study focuses on the role of the Rab-GGT β subunit in the P. patens which will likely translate to other eukaryotic organisms. Studies have demonstrated that the knockout of either PpRGTB1 or PpRGTB2 results in no visible phenotype, which leads us to believe that these genes are functionally redundant. Additionally, the knockout of both PpRGTB1 and PpRGTB2 genes has shown to be lethal, which indicates that Rab-GGT is required for viability. To determine the function of Rab-GGT, we implement the reverse genetics approach, RNA interference (RNAi), to down-regulate the expression level of PpRGTB2 in the PpRGTB1 knockout background to observe the phenotypic consequences of minimal Rab-GGT β subunit gene expression.Protein prenylation is a post-translational process where lipids are added to carboxyl end groups of amino acids, which allows proteins to function properly in the eukaryotic cell. The job of prenylation is to target certain proteins to specific membranes and promote desirable protein-protein interactions. In our study we used reverse genetics techniques to investigate the function of protein prenylation in plant development. To discern the function of protein prenylation, we examined the phenotypic changes caused by specific gene disruptions. In this study the model organism Physcomitrella patens (moss) is utilized due to its simple structure, limited quantities of tissues and cells, fully sequenced genome, and high gene targeting efficiency. Rab geranylgeranyl transferase-II (Rab-GGT) is one of three enzymes that can perform protein prenylation – however, the function of Rab-GGT in vivo is largely unknown. P. patens has one copy of Rab-GGT α subunit gene (PpRGTA1) and two copies of β subunit genes (PpRGTB1 and PpRGTB2). This stud","PeriodicalId":349818,"journal":{"name":"The Cardinal Edge","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128795606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inner Ear Development and Advances in Inner Ear Organoid Formation","authors":"Paige Avery","doi":"10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/23","url":null,"abstract":"The inner ear houses the cochlea which contains hair cells responsible for the transduction of sound waves. The process of forming these hair cells responsible for hearing is a complicated process consisting of signaling factors that allow ectoderm to form into the otic placode, the otic vesicle, and prosensory cells such as hair cells. Loss of these hair cells contributes to deafness and hearing loss throughout life, and regeneration of these cells may serve as a therapeutic agent for those with irreversible damage. This review looks at the development of the otic placode and hair cells and the possibility of regenerating hair cells from stem cell populations.","PeriodicalId":349818,"journal":{"name":"The Cardinal Edge","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125146880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of PPAL-1 in Arabidopsis Gamete Development","authors":"A. White","doi":"10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/11","url":null,"abstract":"Prenylation is a type of post-translational modification in which a 15or 20-carbon lipid is added to the carboxyl (C) terminus of the protein. Arabidopsis thaliana contains the PROTEIN PRENYLTRANSFERASE ALPHA SUBUNITLIKE (PPAL) gene, which encodes a protein with homology to the α-subunits of the three known prenylation enzymes, PFT, PGGT, and Rab-GGT. We previously identified two mutations in PPAL, one of which is ppal-1, which contains a T-DNA insertion in the fourth intron. We have previously observed that self-fertilizing heterozygous ppal1 plants produce progeny in which homozygous ppal-1 is underrepresented. This project attempts to ascertain possible affects of ppal-1 in gametophyte growth and development that might cause this underrepresented homozygous ppal-1 population. Crosses were performed between homozygous ppal-1 and wild-type (WT) plants. Both F0 and F1 generations were genotyped. The results indicated that there was WT contamination of the ppal-1 F0 population. The data also indicated the ppal-1 primers were nonfunctional. Additionally, a pollen germination test was performed for both ppal-1and WT plants. The results indicated that ppal-1 pollen had developmental delays for germination, but upon germination, they could form pollen tubules of equal length to the WT pollen. However, due to the likely WT contamination in the ppal1 population used, these experiments must be replicated in further studies.","PeriodicalId":349818,"journal":{"name":"The Cardinal Edge","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116113912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"You’ve Graduated. So Now What?","authors":"Katherine Brown","doi":"10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":349818,"journal":{"name":"The Cardinal Edge","volume":"39 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120976474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Literature Review on the Development of Upper Limbs in Humans","authors":"A. Phan","doi":"10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/26","url":null,"abstract":"The development of tetrapod upper limbs shares an evolutionary origin and has been adapted and specialized for different functions for different species, such as flight in birds, swimming and balance in sea mammals, and coordination and grabbing objects in humans. The basis of tetrapod limb development has common developmental patterns, starting with the formation of the limb bud via Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, where later developmental steps are modified for specialized functions. This review covers the basic developmental patterns of mammalian tetrapod development seen in humans, beginning with the formation of the limb bud, to the axis development of the limb bud, segmentation of the limb bud, then to cartilage formation in limb bud segments, digit ray formation, and lastly digit elongation and segmentation. Tetrapod limb development is a big focus in developmental biology, since there are many limb malformations caused by many different factors, such as over-expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) or under-expression. Understanding the formation of limbs help shed light on why limb malformations occur and future implications may be determining ways to prevent such malformations from occurring.","PeriodicalId":349818,"journal":{"name":"The Cardinal Edge","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128856549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insect Developmental Plasticity: The Role in a Changing Environment","authors":"Lindsey A. Barnes","doi":"10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/28","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has been recognized as a severe threat to biodiversity. In the rapidly growing collection of literature on the consequences of global change, researchers have recently noticed a dramatic decrease in insect populations in a wide range of habitats. Insects are extremely susceptible to climatic change, especially with regard to fluctuations in moisture and temperature. However, insects often exhibit phenotypic plasticity, where organisms will express different phenotypes when presented with a specific environmental stimulus. In developmental plasticity, environmental stimuli at the larval stage can determine adult phenotypes. This review focuses on case studies of developmental plasticity in insects, with temperature and moisture as specific stimuli. This review also discusses the role of developmental plasticity on insect population survival and possible future adaptation in the context of global environmental change.","PeriodicalId":349818,"journal":{"name":"The Cardinal Edge","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128187256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sterilization of Escherichia coli with Black Diamond-Coated Silicon","authors":"Sarah Cawthon","doi":"10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/10","url":null,"abstract":"In order to combat increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance, new antimicrobials are needed to successfully kill microbes. Silicon coated in black diamond is a material that is hypothesized to have antimicrobial properties. To test this hypothesis, Escherichia coli cells were placed on different black diamond-coated silicon surfaces and allowed to rest on each surface for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 1 hour. Cells were collected, and growth was assessed by counting colonies on plates or spectrophotometry growth curves. The results of this study indicated that the experimental samples have some antimicrobial or growth inhibition properties, but they may not be to the extent as hypothesized. Errors in the harvesting method were likely present, and the experimental technique is currently being modified to collect the maximum number of cells for growth assessment.","PeriodicalId":349818,"journal":{"name":"The Cardinal Edge","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123002050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein Prenylation in the moss Physcomitrium patens","authors":"Zayna Qaissi","doi":"10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18297/tce/vol1/iss1/4","url":null,"abstract":"Protein Prenylation in the Moss Physcomitrium patens Zayna Qaissi, Anam Ahmed, Katherine Brown, Mark Running 1 The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA 2 Co-presenters 3 Faculty Mentor ABSTRACT Protein prenylation is the addition of a 15 or 20 carbon lipid to a cysteine near carboxyl terminus of target proteins. Prentlyation increases hydrophobicity, which facilitates membrane associations and protein-protein interaction. Protein prenylation is generally conserved among eukaryotes, and mutations in genes that carry out prenylation are lethal in animals and yeast. In plants prenylation mutations are not always lethal, but they do affect development, disease resistance, biofuel production, and drought response, among other processes of agricultural interest. To understand the evolutionary and developmental implications of plant protein prenylation, we used the sequenced, annotated, and translated genome of the moss Physcomitrium patens to search for proteins that meet minimal criteria for prenylation; specifically the presence of a sequence that includes cysteine and one of six specific amino acids at the C terminus. We then analyzed these proteins with an online prenylation prediction program to assess their likelihood of being prenylated based on additional sequence motifs. Although the number of prenylated proteins has not been confirmed, we estimate that there are 300. We then determined potential biological function of putative target proteins by using BLAST sequence similarity searches to identify related genes with known function. We plan to use these data to select prenylated proteins with functions of interest for in vivo studies using genetic and molecular tools to investigate their roles in plant development and environmental response.Protein prenylation is the addition of a 15 or 20 carbon lipid to a cysteine near carboxyl terminus of target proteins. Prentlyation increases hydrophobicity, which facilitates membrane associations and protein-protein interaction. Protein prenylation is generally conserved among eukaryotes, and mutations in genes that carry out prenylation are lethal in animals and yeast. In plants prenylation mutations are not always lethal, but they do affect development, disease resistance, biofuel production, and drought response, among other processes of agricultural interest. To understand the evolutionary and developmental implications of plant protein prenylation, we used the sequenced, annotated, and translated genome of the moss Physcomitrium patens to search for proteins that meet minimal criteria for prenylation; specifically the presence of a sequence that includes cysteine and one of six specific amino acids at the C terminus. We then analyzed these proteins with an online prenylation prediction program to assess their likelihood of being prenylated based on additional sequence motifs. Although the number of prenylated proteins has not been confirmed, we estimate that there are 300. We then determine","PeriodicalId":349818,"journal":{"name":"The Cardinal Edge","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126867148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}