{"title":"Welding: Particulate and Gaseous Emissions","authors":"C. Homer, E. Seymour, Peace Jon","doi":"10.1201/9781351045636-140000428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000428","url":null,"abstract":"Fabrication and repair of aluminum components and structures commonly involves the use of electric arc welding. The interaction of the arc and the metal being welded generates ultraviolet radiation, metallic oxides, fumes, and gases. Aluminum is seldom used as the pure metal but is often alloyed with other metals to improve strength and other physical properties. Therefore, the exact composition of any emissions will depend on the welding process and the particular aluminum alloy being welded. To quantify such emissions, The Aluminum Association sponsored several studies to characterize arc welding emissions by the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) processes for various combinations of base and filler alloys. In all cases, the tests were conducted under conditions that could be found in a production weld shop without forced ventilation. The concentrations of each analyte that a welder could be exposed to were greatly affected by the welding process, the composition of the base and filler alloys, the position of the welder, and the welding helmet. The results obtained can be used by employers to identify and control potential hazards associated with the welding of aluminum alloys and can provide the basis for hazard communication to employees involved in the welding of these alloys.","PeriodicalId":348912,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126959837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Open-Cell Foam Metal Production and Characterization by Aluminum Solid Mold Investment Casting","authors":"K. Guler","doi":"10.1201/9781351045636-140000238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000238","url":null,"abstract":"Foam metals can be categorized in two basic classes: open-cell and closed-cell structures, which both have different numerous unique properties. Up to the present, several production processes have been developed for each class. Investment casting is known as a replication process for open-cell foam metal fabrication. Solid mold, which can be evaluated as a subtechnique of the investment casting, is specialized especially for small complex shapes with ultrathin sections. This work is a presentation of aluminum open-cell foam production with solid mold investment casting using two different kinds of patterns. The first one is “burnable,” in which liquid metal directly fills the shape of pattern and the second is “leachable,” in which metal takes the form of intergranular network shape of porous salt preforms.","PeriodicalId":348912,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116147997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Powder Metallurgy Aluminum Alloys: Structure and Porosity","authors":"W. Judge, G. Kipouros","doi":"10.1201/9781351045636-140000247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000247","url":null,"abstract":"The production of aluminum alloys through powder metallurgy (PM) processes allows for the manufacture of net- or near-net-shape components in a cost-effective and sustainable manner. The high reactivity of aluminum metal, however, complicates PM processing, and special attention must be given to certain steps during production, particularly sintering. PM processing conditions strongly affect the structure and porosity of aluminum PM alloys, which ultimately determine their material properties and performance. In this article, the fundamental aspects of the commercial production of aluminum PM alloys are presented, along with the effects of production conditions on the structure and porosity of aluminum PM alloys. The properties and performance of aluminum PM alloys are then analyzed and interpreted with respect to their structure and porosity.","PeriodicalId":348912,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127885781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diesel Engine: Applications of Aluminum Alloys","authors":"M. Pekguleryuz, E. Ozbakir, Amir R. Farkoosh","doi":"10.1201/9781351045636-140000329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000329","url":null,"abstract":"The Diesel engine, introduced by Rudolph Diesel in 1892, achieves a higher combustion ratio and fuel efficiency, has lower CO2 emissions per mile than the gasoline engine and is considered to be one of the most viable environmentally friendly technologies for vehicles. “Clean Diesel” using lower sulfur content fuel has become available since 2006. Currently, the Diesel engine and cylinder head are mostly cast iron to withstand the high compression pressures and temperatures of Diesel operation. Further weight reduction (40%–55%) via aluminum substitution in the Diesel engine would result in substantial fuel economy and increased environmental benefits. Current aluminum alloys cannot meet the requirements of the Diesel engine and a new research topic has emerged in aluminum materials technology to address these requirements. The main issue with aluminum alloys is the low resistance to thermal fatigue that results from the constrained expansion and contraction of the material in the interval regions leading to compressive creep deformation at 300°C during engine heat-up and to tensile deformation around 150°C during engine cooldown. This article discusses the performance requirements and the design principles for aluminum alloys for Diesel engine applications. Efforts on the modification of A356 and A319 alloys via Cu, Mg, Ni, Cr, V, Zr, Ti, and Mn addition are reviewed. Recent studies on Mn/Mo addition are presented and the related principles are introduced in designing high volume fraction, thermally stable, and uniform nanoscale dispersoids using solutes with opposite partitioning coefficients in aluminum.","PeriodicalId":348912,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130829969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. V. Adams, Mbali Mokgatla, A. Ishak, C. Onwujiuba, P. Moses, U. Okorodudu
{"title":"Corrosion Inhibitors: Effect on Aluminum Alloys","authors":"F. V. Adams, Mbali Mokgatla, A. Ishak, C. Onwujiuba, P. Moses, U. Okorodudu","doi":"10.1201/9781351045636-140000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000197","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum alloys are less corrosion resistance compared to the pure aluminum. The less corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloys results from trading their mechanical strength and stability with their corrosion resistance. Aluminum alloys show inhibition in alkaline, acidic, neutral chloride free, and chloride media. This study covers studies done on different inhibitors used in corrosion inhibition of aluminum alloys in various media. Generally, the inhibition efficiency of the inhibitors increases with increase in the concentration of the inhibitors. The inhibition efficiency also depends on the characteristic of the inhibitor; whether it is a mixed-type, anodic, or cathodic inhibitor. The experimental data fit in Langmuir adsorption isotherm indicates physical adsorption, while Gibb’s free energy values show that aluminum alloys’ corrosion inhibition is by spontaneous adsorption process. The addition of chloride in alkaline solution improves corrosion inhibition of aluminum alloys.","PeriodicalId":348912,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys","volume":"27 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131539575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carbothermic Reduction Methods for Alumina","authors":"E. Balomenos, Dimitrios I. Gerogiorgis","doi":"10.1201/9781351045636-140000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000248","url":null,"abstract":"The Hall–Héroult process for the electrolytic reduction of alumina was developed at the end of the 19th century and is still currently the only industrial process for the production of primary aluminum. Today, this process is ranked among the most energy- and CO2intensive industrial processes. Direct carbothermic reduction of alumina has been proposed as an alternative process, which can substantially improve the sustainability of primary aluminum production, leading to energy savings of up to 21% and reduction in greenhouse gas emission of up to 52%, while plant capital costs can be reduced up to 50%. However, processes developed so far suffer from low aluminum yields, primarily due to aluminum carbide and oxycarbide formation and aluminum vaporization phenomena. This article presents a thermodynamic study of the Al–C–O system and a review on the alumina carbothermic processes developed so far.","PeriodicalId":348912,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131637623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Properties of Pure Aluminum","authors":"A. Sverdlin","doi":"10.1201/9781351045636-140000430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000430","url":null,"abstract":"The properties of aluminum including: light weight, high strength, and resistance to corrosion make it an ideal material for use in applications such as: transportation, food and beverage packaging, construction, defense and aerospace, machinery and tools and consumer products. In addition to reviewing various grades of aluminum, this article will provide an overview of important properties including: crystal structure, density, thermal expansion, thermal and electrical conductivity, Debye temperature, magnetic susceptibility, electrical properties, compressibility, optical properties, solidification and melting, corrosion, mechanical properties and hydrogen solubility.","PeriodicalId":348912,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys","volume":"603 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134188070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrodeposition of Aluminum in Ionic Liquids","authors":"Qian Wang, Suojiang Zhang, Xingmei Lu, Xiangping Zhang","doi":"10.1201/9781351045636-140000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000190","url":null,"abstract":"Compared with the industrial Siemens-Galvano-Aluminum (SIGAL) process, electrodeposition of aluminum (Al) in ionic liquids (ILs) has gained more and more attention due to the excellent characteristics of ILs, such as almost non-volatile, wider electrochemical window, higher conductivity, and so on. Therefore, in this article we give a detailed report on the development of this field. In order to enhance the potential of ILs used as electrolytes for Al electrodeposition, this article also reviews the background and historical development of electrodeposition of Al in ILs. Through summarizing, we find that the chloroaluminate ILs with imidazolium as the cations are still the most prospective electrolytes for large-scale application, and moisture sensitivity is the biggest obstacle restricting its development. Therefore, researchers have been looking for stronger water resistant ILs, but the water insensitive ILs are hard to combine with low viscosity and high electrochemical conductivity, leading to little research work done for the industrial application of electrodeposition of Al in ILs. In addition, the existing problems in basic research and application of electrodeposition of Al in ILs are summarized.","PeriodicalId":348912,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124036229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of Aluminum Rolling Processes for Foil, Sheet, and Plate","authors":"J. Driver, O. Engler","doi":"10.1201/9781351045636-140000401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000401","url":null,"abstract":"A large proportion of all aluminum alloys are used as rolled products in the form of sheet, foil or plate. In virtually all cases, the required properties of these materials are specific to the application such as microstructure, and thermal and mechanical properties. This article describes the fundamental relationship between composition, rolling process, microstructures, and properties and illustrates how rolling processes can be designed to achieve optimal application specific properties.","PeriodicalId":348912,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115542599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-Heat Treatable Al-Alloys: Development of Intermetallic Particles during Solidification and Homogenization","authors":"O. Engler, K. Kuhnke, J. Hasenclever","doi":"10.1201/9781351045636-140000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000223","url":null,"abstract":"The materials properties of Al-alloys are controlled by the added alloying elements and by the processing conditions through the resulting materials microstructure. An important aspect in the description of the microstructure is the constitution of the material in terms of alloying elements in solid solution and, in turn, volume, size, morphology, and species of second-phase particles. These constitutional characteristics, conveniently summarized as microchemistry, have an impact on physical properties like thermal or electrical conductivity and on mechanical properties including strength and formability of Al-alloys. In the present article, we summarize the phase selection upon solidification and the changes in microchemistry during subsequent homogenization annealing during conventional industrial processing of non-heat-treatable Al wrought alloys.","PeriodicalId":348912,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115772781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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