Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Depression and associated factors among in-school adolescents in Nigeria","authors":"E. Alinnor, C. Okeafor","doi":"10.4103/shb.shb_237_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_237_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Depression is projected to become the leading cause of disability as well as the leading contributor to the global burden of disease by 2030. Depression in adolescents is a public health concern as it increases the risk of substance abuse, relationship difficulties, suicide, and poor academic performance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated risk factors among adolescents. Methods: This was a school-based cross-sectional study involving 1428 adolescents aged 10–19 years in secondary schools in the Port Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. Adolescents were selected using multistage sampling technique. Data on sociodemographic and family structure were obtained using a self-administered pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The presence of depression was determined using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Adolescents with BDI scores of ≥18 were categorized as depressed. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed at P < 0.05. Results: Of the 1428 adolescents recruited, 563 (39.4%) were males. The mean age was 14.30 ± 2.04 years. The prevalence of depression was 21.9% (n = 313). Significantly higher odds of depression were reported among females (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.447; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.107–1.891; P = 0.007), low socioeconomic status (AOR: 1.409; 95% CI: 1.064–1.865; P = 0.017), and family structures that were not monogamous (AOR: 1.586;95% CI: 1.152–2.183; P = 0.005). Conclusion: Depression is not uncommon among in-school adolescents in Nigeria. In addition to the inclusion of screening for depression in the school health program, measures to reduce the burden are advocated, especially among female adolescents and adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds.","PeriodicalId":34783,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior","volume":"6 1","pages":"14 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44545223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep and subjective well-being among chinese adolescents: Resilience as a mediator","authors":"Jianghong Liu, Yuanyuan An, Xiaopeng Ji, Linli Zhou","doi":"10.4103/shb.shb_238_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_238_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The relationships among sleep, resilience, and subjective well-being (SWB) are less studied in adolescents. This study aimed to examine the associations between multiple sleep domains (sleep duration and quality, and chronotype) and SWB in Chinese adolescents, and whether resilience mediated these relationships. Methods: We enrolled 455 adolescents in Jintan and Nanjing cities (Jiangsu Province, China) in 2017–2018. Sleep variables included sleep duration (time in bed [TIB], interval between bedtime and waketime), sleep quality (global score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), and chronotype (mid-sleep time on weekends corrected for sleep debt). We used the Chinese version of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale to measure resilience, and the satisfaction with Life Scale and Subjective Happiness Scale to measure SWB. Mediation analyses were performed using structural equation modeling with a bootstrap approach. Results: The associations between sleep duration/sleep quality and SWB were fully mediated by resilience. Specifically, longer TIB (B = 2.04, P = 0.03) and lower PSQI scores (B = −1.60, P < 0.001) were associated with greater resilience, which in turn, was associated with greater latent SWB constructed from happiness and life satisfaction (BTIB = 0.12, BPSQI = 0.11, P < 0.05). Later chronotype was associated with lower happiness (B = −0.52, P = 0.01) and life satisfaction (B = −0.76, P = 0.02) but not resilience and latent SWB. Conclusion: Sleep duration and sleep quality were positively associated with latent SWB, and resilience is a mediator. Later, chronotype was independently associated with lower levels of SWB indicators, including happiness and life satisfaction. The study findings highlight the importance of optimal sleep in promoting resilience and SWB during adolescence.","PeriodicalId":34783,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135550959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient–physician communication in health centers: A qualitative study","authors":"M. Alijanzadeh, M. Maleki, Hamid Pourasghari","doi":"10.4103/shb.shb_159_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_159_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: A good relationship between physician and patient is effective in improving public health. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting proper patient–physician communication in health centers. Methods: To this end, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted in 2019. The interviews were performed purposefully, and 18 patients referred to health centers were interviewed with maximum variation. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using the approach of content analysis. Results: Data analysis revealed two main themes of human communication and health access. The theme of human communication consisted of four subthemes: physician's knowledge and experience, physician's behavior and ethics, comprehensive attention to the patient, and physician's discipline. Further, the theme of health access consisted of two subthemes: the physical condition of the center and the condition of the equipment. Conclusion: The identified components can be used to train medical students and evaluate the communication performance of doctors in health centers paying appropriate attention to these factors leading to patient satisfaction and, consequently, improving public health.","PeriodicalId":34783,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior","volume":"6 1","pages":"30 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42588609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between perceived social support and self-management in people with multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Elahe Baharian, Shahla Abolhassani, Marzieh Alijani","doi":"10.4103/shb.shb_188_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_188_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The physiological and psychological limitations resulting from multiple sclerosis (MS) can decrease social interactions. Furthermore, self-management has become popular in the control of chronic diseases such as MS. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived social support and self-management in MS patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for the years 2019–2020. Patients were recruited through the MS clinic located in Kashani Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, by convenience sampling. The research was performed on a group of 212 MS patients who completed a Medical outcome study social support scale (MOS-SSS), the MS Self-Management Scale, and basic clinical and demographic data. SPSS 20 software was used to analyze the collected data. Results: The study sample included 57 men and 155 women (73.1%). Examining the relationship between perceived social support and self-management revealed a strong correlation between them (r2 = 0.60, P < 0.001). The results of regression analysis showed that self-management in people with academic education was statistically significantly greater than in those without (b [Standard Error] = 6.83 [2.58], P = 0.009). Furthermore, the amount of perceived social support was increasing significantly for females in comparison to males (b [SE] = 6.04 [1.58], P = 0.03). Moreover, the mean of perceived social support was greater between married (b [SE] = 3.31 [1.56], P = 0.007) people and also between academic (b [SE] = 7.43 [3.56], P = 0.03) MS patients. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that social support was associated with self-management in MS patients. This understanding should be applied in clinical practice when targeting and designing education, support, and care for MS patients.","PeriodicalId":34783,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior","volume":"6 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41977576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological experiences and perceived social support: A study on Indian mothers of children with type 1 diabetes","authors":"IlikaGuha Majumdar, Smruti Pusalkar","doi":"10.4103/shb.shb_37_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_37_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Mothers are often the primary caregivers of children in Indian homes. Mothers of children with Type 1 diabetes experience an emotional toll of this challenging responsibility that the lack of social support can exacerbate. Health care for children with Type 1 diabetes in India commonly addresses the medical condition and its associated symptoms, whereas mothers, who bear the primary responsibility of the children's care, are most often neglected. This study aimed to understand the psychological experiences and perceived social support of Indian mothers whose children are diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. Methods: This phenomenological research was conducted using semi-structured interviews with mothers using purposive sampling between the ages of 24 and 45 years (n = 13) and analyzed using thematic analysis. The data analysis and collection were done between January 2022 and December 2022. Results: Thematic analysis revealed six main themes of psychological distress, multifold strain, poor Type 1 diabetes mellitus education and stigma, need for social and familial support, caregiver burden, and coping. The findings from this research suggest that such experiences can make it difficult for them to cope with their child's diabetes and have a negative impact on their mental health. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for culture-appropriate interventions to address the social and emotional needs of such mothers. It is essential to educate families and the community as a whole about the needs of both mothers and children with Type 1 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":34783,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135550954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with early child development in Nepal – A further analysis of multiple indicator cluster survey 2019","authors":"S. Kakchapati, Saugat Pratap KC, S. Giri, Shreeman Sharma","doi":"10.4103/shb.shb_191_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_191_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Information on child development is limited in Nepal, where a large number of children suffer from the negative consequences of poverty, nutritional deficiencies, and inadequate learning opportunities. The study aims to determine the proportion of children developmentally on track and its associated factors among 2870 children under 5 years using data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Methods: We used bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association among household and maternal variables and child characteristics with the Child Development Index. Results: The multivariate analysis showed that age, province, educational status, wealth index quintile, health insurance, stunting, and functional disability were associated with the Child Development Index (P < 0.05). The odds of child being developmentally on track at 4 years was more than two times (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7–2.37) than of 3 years. Literate mothers had higher odds (AOR = 1.56 [95% CI: 1.29–1.89]) of child being developmentally on track compared to illiterate mothers. The odds of child being developmentally on track in the richest quintile was more than three times (AOR = 3.43 [95% CI: 2.39–4.91]) than child of the poorest quintile. With regard to stunting, there were higher odds of children who were not stunted (AOR = 1.35 [95% CI: 1.12–1.64]) being developmentally on track. Children who lack functional difficulty were more than six times (AOR = 6.7 [95% CI: 3.2–14.02]) on being developmentally on track. Children having health insurance were higher odds (AOR = 1.81 [95% CI: 1.04–3.15] P = 0.034) on being developmentally on track. Conclusion: The study found different factors such as age, province, educational status, wealth index quintile, health insurance, stunting, and functional disability associated with the Child Development Index providing insights to establish specific interventions based on socioeconomic barriers of household and health outcomes of children for ensuring child development.","PeriodicalId":34783,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior","volume":"6 1","pages":"21 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49173330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward an integrated framework for examining the addictive use of smartphones among young adults","authors":"ChristineNya-Ling Tan","doi":"10.4103/shb.shb_206_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_206_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Despite the growing concern over addictive smartphone use among young adults, there is a lack of understanding of the specific mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. This study aims to fill this gap by integrating the stimulus-organism-response–cognitive-adaptive-normative model to examine the drivers of habitual smartphone behavior and addictive use and the role of habitual behavior as a mediator. Methods: A quantitative method employing a purposive sampling technique was used to collect self-administered online questionnaires between May and August 2016 from 705 young adults (aged 17–30 years) in Malaysia. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used. Results: Convenience (β =0.256, t = 5.993, P < 0.001), social needs (β =0.349, t = 8.661, P < 0.001), and social influence (β =0.108, t = 3.108, P < 0.01) are positively associated with habitual behavior. However, convenience (β =0.041, t = 0.997) and social needs (β = −0.027, t = 0.682) are not associated with addictive use, even though social influence (β =0.195, t = 5.116, P < 0.001) did significantly influenced addictive use. Furthermore, habitual behavior is an extremely strong determinant of addictive use (β =0.505, t = 13.837, P < 0.001). The results also indicated that habitual behavior partially mediated the relationship between the drivers and addictive use. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of the drivers (i.e., convenience, social needs, and social influence) in shaping habitual behavior and addictive use so that policies can promote responsible and healthy smartphone use among young adults.","PeriodicalId":34783,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135550953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy of an online family-based cognitive behavioral therapy on psychological distress, family cohesion, and adaptability of divorced head-of-household women in Iran: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Zainab Alimoradi, AmirH Pakpour, Farzaneh Golboni, MarcN Potenza","doi":"10.4103/shb.shb_262_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_262_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The family may be negatively impacted by divorce and its adverse outcomes including psychological problems and disturbances in the structure and functioning of families. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of an online family-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention on psychological distress, family cohesion, and adaptability of divorced head-of-household women. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 100 divorced head-of-household women supported by the state welfare organization of Iran participated and were randomly divided into intervention group (n = 50) and active control group (n = 50). Participants in the intervention group received six educational app-based online sessions on family-based CBT. Participants in the control group received an online family-based CBT session and an online information on breast self-examination using the same app. Anxiety, depression, family adaptability, and cohesion were assessed before, immediately after, and 3 months after the intervention. Linear mixed-effects modeling with random intercepts and slopes was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean and standard deviation of measures of anxiety, depression, cohesion, and adaptability scores immediately after the intervention (9.42 ± 1.78, 9.58 ± 2.21, 36.36 ± 3.78, and 36.30 ± 3.97, respectively) and 3 months after the intervention (9.90 ± 1.84, 9.40 ± 1.53, 36.38 ± 4.30, and 36.42 ± 4.38, respectively) in the intervention group differed significantly from those before the intervention (11.30 ± 1.77, 11.56 ± 1.31, 23.82 ± 3.78, and 23.80 ± 3.85, respectively). Changes in the mean scores of anxiety, depression, cohesion, and adaptability variables differed significantly before and immediately after the intervention and before and 3 months after the intervention. Conclusion: Online family-based CBT appears efficacious in improving the psychological status of divorced head-of-household women and the cohesion and adaptability of their families.","PeriodicalId":34783,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135550957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internet Gaming Disorder: An Interplay of Cognitive Psychopathology","authors":"Filzah Kakul, S. Javed","doi":"10.4103/shb.shb_209_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_209_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Internet addiction is currently considered a worldwide problem, with a possible impact on mental health. Young adults are recognized to be at high risk of developing Internet gaming disorder (IGD). According to a recent clinical model, young adults with IGD may endorse a distinct set of maladaptive beliefs that underlie persistent and excessive engagement in Internet gaming activities. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence of problematic gaming beliefs and psychological distress in a sample of “Indian Young Adults” with and without IGD. Methods: The research is descriptive in nature, conducted during the month of April 2022–May 2022 on a sample of 306 young adults (185 males and 121 females) recruited from multiple universities. A Google form survey that included validated measures of IGDs, Internet gaming cognition, and psychological distress were distributed on various online platforms for collecting the data. Results: According to the findings, young adults with IGD report significantly higher maladaptive gaming beliefs (t = 16.199, P < 0.001) and psychological distress (depression - t = 12.11. P = < 0.001 and anxiety/stress - t = 10.95, P = < 0.001) than young adults without IGD. The size of observed effects was large for cognition (Cohen's d = 2.14), depression (Cohen's d = 2.14), and anxiety/stress (Cohen's d = 1.96). The sample also reported strong correlation between IGD symptoms and gaming cognitions (P = <0.001). Further hierarchical regression analysis revealed depression variables as a significant predictors in the final model (β = 0.212, P = 0.002, confidence interval [CI] = 0.219–0.944) and overvaluation (β = 0.196, P = 0.020, CI = 0.048–0.545), maladaptive rules (β = 0.334, P = 0.003, CI = 0.117–0.551), and gaming social acceptance (β = 0.272, P = 0.001, CI = 0.190–0.693) as the three strongest cognition predictors of IGD symptoms. Conclusion: These findings indicate that young adults with IGD have distinct problematic thoughts about gaming and highlight the importance of addressing these cognitions in therapeutic interventions for the disorder.","PeriodicalId":34783,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior","volume":"6 1","pages":"36 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44056924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beliefs about the effects of smoking on corona virus disease 2019 and its impact on the intention to quit and smoking frequencies among university students smokers in Jakarta, Indonesia","authors":"M. Nurmansyah, Izza Suraya, Ridhwan Fauzi, B. Al-Aufa","doi":"10.4103/shb.shb_178_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_178_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Several scientific evidence showed that smoking can increase the severity and mortality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This indicates that the pandemic is the best time to reduce its frequency or stop the habit, but misinformation that smoking prevents infection has an effect on smokers' behavior. Therefore, this study aims to assess the beliefs about the effects of smoking on COVID-19 as well as to determine their relationship with smoking habits among university student smokers in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: This study was carried out in three Universities in Jakarta with a total of 198 respondents, who were selected conveniently. Furthermore, independent variables were derived from the Health Belief Model theory, while the dependent variables include quit intention and smoking frequency. Chi-square and ordinal regression analyses were carried out to determine the association between the variables. Results: The belief that smoking increases the severity of COVID-19 as well as having the determination to stop the habit, had an effect on the respondents' quit intention. Moreover, perceived barriers, such as feeling anxious (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19–0.60) and being exposed to information that the habit prevents COVID-19 severity (AOR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.01–0.71) were protective factors against the decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked daily. Conclusion: Improving digital health literacy, campaigns to clarify the risk of cigarettes, and self-efficacy related to cessation are important efforts to prevent smoking behavior during a pandemic.","PeriodicalId":34783,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior","volume":"6 1","pages":"7 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44178115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}