{"title":"Human Microbiome and Resistome Studies","authors":"Mina Rho","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.71","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125405749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microbiome Research in Atopic Dermatitis","authors":"Min-Hye Kim","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.85","url":null,"abstract":"Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a representative allergic disease that is accompanied with high disease prevalence and considerable socioeconomic burden. While the pathophysiology is largely unknown, the role of microbes in health and diseases has drawn attention. The development of metagenomics that is a recent advance in analyzing microbiome has enabled us to research how microbiome impacts the development and aggravation of AD. Skin microbiome and intestinal microbiome are assumed to affect the AD. Research has shown a difference in skin and intestinal microbial composition between AD patients and normal controls. Based on the findings of microbial impacts on the AD, efforts to use probiotics for the treatment or prevention of AD have been made. However, further research is needed until the firm conclusion is reached.","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134060701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Korea","authors":"Jieun Kim","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.99","url":null,"abstract":"Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has emerged as a major problem of public health. By various resistance mechanisms including carbapenemase, there are few antibiotics to treat CRE infection. Therefore, an infection caused by CRE is associated with a higher mortality rate than those caused by other causative agents. By horizontal transmission of the carbapenemase-producing gene, resistance to carbapenem spreads to other organisms and multi-drug resistance could be induced. The incidence of CRE has increased, and many countries have been troubled with CRE outbreaks. The best way to manage and treat CRE is infection control and prevention against CRE. The aim of this paper is to describe the current status of CRE and clinical implication of CRE infection in Korea. The mechanism which induces resistance to carbapenem as well as carbapenemase-producing gene (a gene that could be transferred to other organisms and then induces resistance to carbapenem) make it difficult to treat CRE infection.","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130121527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Resistome Study with Metagenomic Sequencing Data","authors":"J. Shin, Mina Rho","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.73","url":null,"abstract":"With the introduction of synthetic antibiotics, many lives including humans and animals have been saved against bacterial infection. An increasing level of antibiotics use, however, raises serious problems of multi-drug resistance and transferring of resistance genes across different environments and countries. Advances in highthroughput sequencing technology and efficient bioinformatics methods allow us to perform a large-scale screening and analysis of resistomes in the human and environmental microbiomes. Recent studies on human microbiomes have revealed a diverse distribution of resistance genes and their transferring activities in the communities. This review discusses recent progresses in metagenomic approaches to identify resistance genes in the human microbiome, including genomic sequence search and functional metagenomics methods. Using Rifampicin ADP-ribosyltransferase as an example, an integrative approach that analyzes the sequences and three-dimensional structures of the proteins derived from resistance genes is also introduced.","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123906666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microbiome of Hepatobiliary Diseases","authors":"Yeseul Kim, D. Choi","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.80","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers are associated with poor prognosis owing to their high level of tumor invasiveness, recurrence, hematogenous and lymphatic metastasis, resistance to firstline chemotherapy, and lack of effective target therapy [1,2]. Evidence in the literature suggests that hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers develop through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations, which is influenced by host immune state, food, and environmental and microbial exposures [1-4]. The human microbiota is the collection of microorganisms exists in the human being, and the relationships with microorganisms and host can be considered to maintain a wide range of the spectrum, from mutualism to pathogen [5]. Abrupt changes in the microbiota of various human body areas associate with diverse localized or systemic human diseases. The human gastrointestinal tract is one of the biggest storing spaces of microbes in the body and contains both commensal and pathogenic microbial species [6]. Research on intestinal microbiota has shown that inflammatory bowel disease is originated from the varied composition of microbial composition and abnormal and overflowing mucosal immune response [7]. Numerous pathogens can promote cancer through well-identified mechanisms [8]. Although most studies are confined to specific bacterial pathogens and viruses, the link between human cancer and bacterial microbiota has recently been studied actively by using next-generation sequencing technology for microbiome profiling [9]. There is an increasing interest in understanding the role of microbiome as a microenvironment for cancer development, particularly in the area of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers [10]. The liver, biliary tract, and pancreas are located in very close Review","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134050448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microbiological Characteristics of Corynebacterium striatum, an Emerging Pathogen","authors":"S. Song, J. Shin","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2018.38.2.93","url":null,"abstract":"Corynebacterium is a gram-positive bacillus that is widely distributed in the environment [1]. It consists of more than 80 species and is common in the normal f lora of human skin and mucous membranes [1]. These organisms traditionally have been considered contaminants and are ignored when they are detected in clinical specimens. However, the association of Corynebacterium species with disease is increasing, and we should consider them true pathogens when they are isolated from usually sterile specimens or invasive indwelling devices and in patients who have received long-term antimicrobial therapy. In recent years, Corynebacterium striatum has been isolated frequently from clinical specimens, and multi-drug-resistant strains are common. We need to know more precisely about the general characteristics of this organism, its clinical features, an accurate identification method, and antimicrobial resistance. We review the characteristics of C. striatum, an emerging pathogen, focusing on these points.","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133339444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perioperative Blood Management: Pros and Cons of ANH and Cell Salvage","authors":"Sangkeun Ahn, Jong Hyun Lee","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2018.38.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2018.38.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"Without doubt, allogenic blood transfusion has been an important lifesaving option in some circumstances. However, allogenic blood transfusion also has its drawbacks. Side effects of allogenic blood transfusion, blood scarcity and individual religion problem like Jehovah’s witnesses are major issues [1,2]. In this respect, there has been much effort to replace allogenic blood transfusion such as using pharmacological agent, injecting topical vasoconstrictive agent, induced hypotension, intravenous iron, erythropoietin, coagulant and so on [3]. In addition, with growing technology, Cell salvage and Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) has emerged as a substitute for allogenic blood transfusion [3,4]. First, Cell salvage became widely known in the late 1970s due to the infection threat like viral hepatitis and HIV infection from allogenic blood transfusion [5]. Namely, it was introduced in an optimal time to the world. Even now, cell salvage is a useful and effective technique with a low risk of transfusion-borne infection. Second, ANH has been utilized and its efficacy studied since the 1960s [6,7]. ANH is also considered to be helpful in cutting back the volume of allogenic blood transfusion and transfusion of autologous whole blood [8]. Nonetheless, still the efficacy and utility of ANH and cell salvage is unclear with pros and cons due to inconsistent conditions among various articles and outcome from journals ranging from effectiveness to insignificance or being unthrifty when considering other facilities. Hence, through this study, we provide clinical information about procedures mentioned above, gather various articles about cell salvage and ANH and make a conclusion whether cell salvage and ANH is effective or Review","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128091032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Era of Bloodless Surgery: Spotlights on Hemostasic Materials and Techniques","authors":"Jiwon V. Park, J. Koh","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2018.38.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2018.38.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Hemostasis occurs when blood vessels are injured or ruptured and it is a series of responses for the body to stop bleeding without thrombus [1]. The rapid sequence of hemostatic processes can be divided into four steps and the whole sequence is shown in Fig. 1. Hemostasis is initiated with an arteriolar vasoconstriction process that the damaged blood vessels shrink to block blood from being spilled [2]. The second step after the arteriolar vasoconstriction is platelet aggregation and it is also called primary hemostasis. The third step is called secondary hemostasis or clot formation. The final step includes completed thrombus and antithrombotic events [3,4].","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131007939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Patient Blood Management: An Internist's Perspective","authors":"J. Uhm","doi":"10.7599/HMR.2018.38.1.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7599/HMR.2018.38.1.38","url":null,"abstract":"Patient blood management (PBM) is a patient-specific, evidencebased and systematic approach to optimize the management of patient and blood transfusion for quality and effective patient care. It aims at improving patient outcomes through the rational and safe use of blood products and minimizing unnecessary exposure to it [1]. The concept of PBM is not only “blood conservation” but also “blood management” which includes the preventive approaches to maintain and optimize hemoglobin (Hb) level and hemostasis [2]. The goal of PBM is not merely to avoid or withhold transfusions, but to timely apply evidence-based medical and surgical concepts designed to manage anemia, optimize hemostasis, and minimize blood loss to improve patient outcomes by relying on a patient’s own blood rather than on donor blood [2,3]. The concept of PBM is well established in surgical patients, demonstrating significant reductions in blood usage, yet with improved patient outcomes and reduced cost [4]. However, 52%–65% of recipients of allogeneic blood transfusion are medical patients with hematologic and non-hematologic malignancies, acute gastrointestinal bleed, renal failure, and other chronic disorders, etc [5]. In contrast to surgical patients, PBM is less developed in medical patients, in particular with hematologic/oncologic diseases, by whom a significant percentage of the blood is consumed [3,5]. This review will discuss how to integrate the concept of PBM into medical conditions including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), heart failure, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA), and hematologic malignancies, in the aspect of red blood cell (RBC). Review","PeriodicalId":345710,"journal":{"name":"Hanyang Medical Reviews","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133806570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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