{"title":"Empires of Nature","authors":"J. Andermann","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv10tq44x.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv10tq44x.7","url":null,"abstract":"It must have been a strange, indeed uncanny, sight to any wanderer accidentally traveling through the area. For there in the clearing, illuminated by the sparkling campfire against the dark masses of the forest and the mountains of the coast fading in the gloomy dusk, the bulk of a human torso bent over the flames where some small game was roasting. But it would not have been so much the man, whose almost certainly dark features now became visible as he looked up again, observing the thicket, who would have made our accidental witness freeze with fear. Much more terrifying, surrounding man and campfire amid a strange array of boxes and bags, would have been the great number of animals, of birds, foxes, and lizards, standing motionless, under a spell that froze them in the midst of a leap, or spreading their wings, as if bewitched in the very moment they were trying to escape from this fearful site—as, almost certainly, our solitary wanderer would have done by now. The dark magic worked on the animals of the coastal woods one fine day in the year of 1820 was, of course, none other than the spell of taxidermy. For it was then that the Museu Real (Royal Museum) of Rio de Janeiro, founded some two years earlier, dispatched its warden, porter, and preparator João de Deus e Mattos on a hunting excursion to the surrounding coastal range in order to end the museum’s notorious shortage of local animal and plant specimens. João deDeus, the presumably black servant whose multiple skills had already been employed by (and, it may be assumed, largely guaranteed the existence of) the Casa de História Natural, more commonly known as the “Casa dos Pássaros” (House of","PeriodicalId":343953,"journal":{"name":"Nepantla: Views from South","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114688708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lost in the Translation","authors":"H. Harootunian","doi":"10.5040/9781501304538.ch-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5040/9781501304538.ch-002","url":null,"abstract":"Michael Dutton’s “Lead Us Not into Translation” is a penetrating and informed account of how area studies grew out of (perhaps I should say genealogically descended from) philology, Oriental studies, and the privilege accorded to translation, a painful reminder of the arguments that have attended area studies since its inception, and a passionate plea to restore to it theoretical purpose that was lost in the translation. In the current situation, the status of area studies in the academic procession has been put into question from several quarters and its “discipline” has either been shown to be insubstantial (a sign of irrelevance) or is dismissed as an exhausted echo of the ColdWar. Despite the assault on what might be described as a Jurassic Park, the dinosaurs continue to enjoy an untroubled existence in the university precincts in the United States and abroad. Not too many years ago the Ford Foundation, perhaps the largest benefactor of this “theme park,” announced another round of institutional grants, cash that would give these aging relics unperturbed grazing space and a stay of extinction. This current situation doesn’t appear to beDutton’s uppermost concern; he focuses instead on providing a genealogy of, or Foucauldian “history of the present” to, area studies. But it is difficult to dissociate these more contemporary considerations from either the preoccupation with explaining why area studies has eschewed theory for applied science, or from the connection with prior forms of philological “scienticization” and the service Oriental studies has provided the colonial and colonizing project. Dutton is correct to hold up contemporary social scientific disdain for area studies because of its “unrigorous” approach (we might pause to wonder about the claims of rigor in rational choice theory and its enabling conception of human nature driven by calculation and maximalization!) and his narrative often recalls a long-standing controversy in U.S. academic","PeriodicalId":343953,"journal":{"name":"Nepantla: Views from South","volume":"518 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123106136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Art of Transition: Latin American Culture and Neoliberal Crisis (review)","authors":"P. Dove","doi":"10.5860/choice.39-3869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.39-3869","url":null,"abstract":"Francine Masiello’s The Art of Transition: Latin American Culture and Neoliberal Crisis offers a broad reflection on contemporary cultural production in Argentina and Chile, with particular attention to ways in which literature confronts problems associated with these two countries’ recent transitions from dictatorships to free market– based democracies. Masiello’s discussion presupposes that the transitions of the 1980s perpetuated—and in some respects deepened—the traumatic wounds suffered by Southern Cone societies in the 1970s under military dictatorship. Transition is experienced as crisis on at least two counts. On the one hand, these postdictatorship democracies have failed to pursue justice for the crimes committed under dictatorship, opting instead for the pragmatic mode of reconciliation evoked by Chilean president Patricio Aylwin’s axiomatic phrase, “justicia en la medida de lo posible.” Memories of repression and terror thus exist in an antagonistic relation with de facto and de jure impunity for military criminals. On the other hand, the total identification of democracy with a neoliberal model during the transition is seen by many as the ultimate political legitimation of a project initiated a decade earlier at gunpoint. The enforcement of free-market structural adjustments during the transition has been viewed as a principle cause of increasing social fragmentation, as well as the confirmation that previous generations’ dreams of social justice have been destroyed. For many, the transition is associated with a profound and sweeping loss of sense, a loss that casts its shadow on the very possibility of shared meaning. Masiello’s book should also be read in the context of recent academic debates about the status of “literature” today. In recent years there has been an increasing sentiment in Latin Americanist circles that literature","PeriodicalId":343953,"journal":{"name":"Nepantla: Views from South","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115806853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lead Us Not into Translation: Notes toward a Theoretical Foundation for Asian Studies","authors":"M. Dutton","doi":"10.4000/TRANSTEXTS.458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/TRANSTEXTS.458","url":null,"abstract":"I begin this work with a simple question. Why is it impossible to imagine, much less write, a work like Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish within Asian area studies? The impossibility I am referring to is not of content but of form. It is not just about writing such a text but about having it read as something more than a description; having it read for its theoretical significance more generally. That is to say, it is about the impossibility of writing a work that is principally of a theoretical nature but that is empirically and geographically grounded in Asia rather than in Europe or America. Why is it that, when it comes to Asian area studies, whenever “theory” is invoked, it is invariably understood to mean “applied theory” and assumed to be of value only insofar as it helps tell the story of the “real” in a more compelling way? To some extent, what follows is an attempt to explain historically how Western area studies on Asia came to appreciate theory in this limited and limiting way. At the same time, as I began to investigate the history and prehistory of this diaphanous field, I began to recognize the possibilities of a very different form of area studies that could have emerged had different sets of pressures pushed it in a slightly different direction. This essay is therefore an attempt to recuperate these now forgotten possibilities and to build on them in order to produce a different way of seeing, writing, and theorizing Asian area studies.","PeriodicalId":343953,"journal":{"name":"Nepantla: Views from South","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131554422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uncertain Dominance: The Colonial State and Its Contradictions (With Notes on the History of Early British India)","authors":"S. Sen","doi":"10.4324/9780429027239-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027239-8","url":null,"abstract":"Political struggle is enormously more complex: in a certain sense, it can be compared to colonial wars or to old wars of conquest—in which the victorious army occupies, or proposes to occupy, permanently all or part of the conquered territory. Then the defeated army is disarmed and dispersed, but the struggle continues on the terrain of politics. —Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks","PeriodicalId":343953,"journal":{"name":"Nepantla: Views from South","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127322993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the \"Natural\" Order of Global Capital","authors":"Edgardo Lander, Mariana F. Past","doi":"10.4324/9780429027239-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027239-10","url":null,"abstract":"In recent debates about hegemonic knowledge in the modern world, a number of basic assumptions have emerged that allow us to characterize the dominant conception of knowledge as Eurocentric (Lander 2000a). After providing a concise description of its main assumptions, Iwill explore here the pervasiveness of the Eurocentric perspective in the principles or fundamentals that guide current practices by which the global order of capital is planned, justified, and naturalized (i.e., made less artificial). Along these same lines, Iwill demonstrate the presence of the fundamentals of Eurocentrism in the international norms of protection of private investment in the failed Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and in the protection of intellectual property set out by World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. The perspective of Eurocentric knowledge is the central axis of a discourse that not only naturalizes but renders inevitable the increasingly intense polarization between a privileged minority and the world’s excluded, oppressed majorities. Eurocentric knowledge also lies at the center of a predatory model of civilization that threatens to destroy the conditions that make life possible on Earth. For this reason, the critique of Eurocentrism and the development/recovery of alternate knowledge perspectives cannot be interpreted as merely an esoteric intellectual or academic preoccupation, or for that matter as a topic for interesting debates within a narrow community of scholars working on epistemological problems. In reality, these issues are closely related to vital political demands, both local and global, which are linked in turn to communities, organizations,","PeriodicalId":343953,"journal":{"name":"Nepantla: Views from South","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122395003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Orientalism, Anti-Orientalism, Relativism","authors":"R. Chuaqui, M. Brudzinski","doi":"10.4324/9780429027239-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027239-6","url":null,"abstract":"The question of Orientalism, as everyone knows, has been the subject of intense debate in the last quarter century. Figuring most prominently in these discussions are the contributions of Edward Said and the reactions they have inspired. But these contributions themselves have a long history. Said’s Orientalism (1980 [1978]) is the first work in a trilogy that also includes The Question of Palestine (1979) and Covering Islam (1981).1 On various occasions, Said has reconsidered and refined the positions he took in Orientalism. Almost seventeen years after the first edition of this book, Said wrote the article “East Isn’t East: The Impending End of the Age of Orientalism” (1995).2 In fact he had already reassessed the question in “Orientalism Reconsidered” (Said 1985).3 Orientalism has met with unique fortune. The culmination of several decades of critical research, the bookhas served as the point of departure for new contributions by authors from different parts of the planet—and not only from the territories, nations, and ethnic groups that have endured the centuries-old expansion of Europe and of Europe’s extensions. Participants have also come to this project from the ex-colonial metropolises themselves, and more generally, from what we usually call the West or the Occident. Among the most conspicuous of these authors is, of course, Noam Chomsky. Others, from different areas of the globe, are not as well known but, as is the case with Talal Asad, they have contributed greatly to the clarification of these questions. As the public at large is aware, the term Orientalism is reserved in certain sectors for describing a distorted way to encounter phenomena pertaining to other cultures or civilizations, or to peoples, still subjugated or only recently liberated, located for the most part to the east of Europe.","PeriodicalId":343953,"journal":{"name":"Nepantla: Views from South","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115736381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"World-System and \"Trans\"-Modernity","authors":"Enrique D. Dussel, Alessandro Fornazzari","doi":"10.4324/9780429027239-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027239-9","url":null,"abstract":"In this short text I begin anew a reflection that has concernedme since the beginning of the 1960s. I will radicalize some theoretical options by finding in recent scholarship very plausible hypotheses that have until now been regarded as trivial. Understanding the “centrality” of Europe as just two centuries old allows us to suppose that what has not been subsumed by modernity stands a good chance of emerging strongly and being rediscovered not as an antihistorical miracle, but as the resurgence of a recent potentiality in many of the cultures blinded by the dazzling “brightness”—in many cases only apparent—of Western culture and modernity. This modernity’s technical and economic globality is far from being a cultural globalization of everyday life that valorizes the majority of humanity. From this omitted potentiality and altering “exteriority” emerges a project of “trans”-modernity, a “beyond” that transcends Western modernity (since the West has never adopted it but, rather, has scorned it and valued it as “nothing”) and that will have a creative function of great significance in the twenty-first century. To repeat: the thesis advanced in this essay is that modernity’s recent impact on the planet’s multiple cultures (Chinese, Southeast Asian, Hindu, Islamic, Bantu, Latin American) produced a varied “reply” by all of them to the modern “challenge.” Renewed, they are now erupting on a cultural horizon “beyond” modernity. I call the reality of that fertile multicultural moment “trans”-modernity (since “post”-modernity is just the latest moment ofWesternmodernity). China, a privileged but not exclusive example, shows us just how recent a phenomenon European hegemony is, only two centuries old and only beginning to influence the intimacy of non-European everyday life in the last fifty years (since World War II), principally because of the mass media, especially television.1","PeriodicalId":343953,"journal":{"name":"Nepantla: Views from South","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127821040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Postmodern Geographies of the U.S. South","authors":"Madhu Dubey","doi":"10.4324/9780429027239-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027239-5","url":null,"abstract":"In a 1990 essay, Cornel West identifies a key shift in U.S. cultural politics since the 1960s, the era widely termed “postmodern,” arguing that the “new cultural politics of difference” is distinguished by its emphasis on particularity and diversity as part of a reaction against the universalizing bent of modern politics (19). Drawing on West, Edward Soja and Barbara Hooper assert, in “The Spaces That Difference Makes” (1993, 184), that the emphasis on locally based micropolitics is a defining feature of the postmodern turn in U.S. culture, and that a renewed focus on spatiality is central to this politics. The postmodern emphasis on space is intended to highlight the situated nature of all political knowledge and action, and to disavow the view from nowhere—the global and disembedded claims of modern knowledge and politics. It is not surprising that postmodern cultural politics takes space rather than time as the dimension within which social differences can be made visible and active, given that the self-definition of European modernity has monopolized time, subsuming varied histories into a singular and teleological narrative of History. The hitherto underprivileged category of space offers a way of interrupting modernity’s global march as well as of restoring the divergent histories that have contributed to the modern legacy. The renewed interest in the regional specificity of the U.S. South in recent years offers an instance of this kind of spatialized cultural politics of difference. Since the mid-1970s, U.S. historians, sociologists, novelists, literary critics, and cultural commentators seem to have become obsessed with the South, reviving the enduring debate about what makes the region distinct from the rest of the nation. In this essay, I examine the turn south","PeriodicalId":343953,"journal":{"name":"Nepantla: Views from South","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117059858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (review)","authors":"A. Skaria","doi":"10.5860/choice.37-4046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.37-4046","url":null,"abstract":"Another Reason is an exploration of science’s history as a sign of Indian modernity, of “science’s cultural authority as the legitimating sign of rationality and progress” (7). Gyan Prakash seeks to understand the work of science through the analytic of translation rather than, as is conventional, an emphasis on imposition, adaptation, or dialectic. In the process, he provides a thought-provoking and far-reaching analysis of Indian and colonial modernity. As Prakash suggests, the question of science and scientific reason is a charged one in colonial situations. The new language of rule and knowledge that emerged in early-nineteenth-century colonial India—as theBritish produced encyclopedic histories, surveys, studies, and censuses— effectively constituted India through the empirical sciences. Another Reason focuses in particular on two intimately linked and yet very different ways of translating universal scientific reason onto the Indian stage: those of the British and those of the colonized elite. For the British, the empirical sciences were a universal knowledge charged with the mission of dissolving and secularizing the religious worldviews of the native; in other words, they were supposed to rationalize native societies. In colonial practices, then, scientific reason was a despotism practiced in order to liberate the colonized. In an important departure from recent postcolonial scholarship, which has looked at museums and exhibitions as forms of colonial domination, Prakash points out that this dominant discourse of science led a “distorted life” (19). Colonial pedagogy sought to instruct natives “by exhibiting their own products and knowledge organized and authorized by the science of classification” (23).","PeriodicalId":343953,"journal":{"name":"Nepantla: Views from South","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128758315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}