{"title":"Funding Inventors","authors":"A. Diamond","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190263669.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190263669.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Since breakthrough inventions are costly, hard, and precarious, patents can be fair rewards for invention and can provide funding to enable future inventions. The funding widens the opportunity to invent, as illustrated by the tinkering working-class inventors who developed and applied steam power in Britain in the Industrial Revolution, and who later invented many of the agricultural and manufacturing tools and processes in the United States in the 1800s. Working-class inventors could hire patent agents, for modest fees, to help with the legal paperwork. Later, important breakthrough inventors such as Thomas Edison and Dean Kamen depended on patents of earlier inventions to fund their later inventions. Patent reforms can counter flaws (such as costly frivolous litigation) in the current patent system. Invention can also be encouraged by private institutional innovations, following the examples of micropayments for web content, and patent pools by firms such as Intellectual Ventures.","PeriodicalId":342770,"journal":{"name":"Openness to Creative Destruction","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125161954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Innovative Entrepreneur","authors":"A. Diamond","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190263669.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190263669.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitively diverse project entrepreneurs are the ones most likely to succeed at making a ding in the universe. Project entrepreneurs are more effective because they are more likely to persevere at achieving their project and at undertaking new breakthrough innovations. Cyrus Field, Marconi, Walt Disney, Sam Walton, and Steve Jobs were project entrepreneurs. Innovative entrepreneurs are likely to either know less theory, or to take theory less seriously, which allows them to try what theory says is impossible. For instance, the physics of Marconi’s day said that his radio waves should go straight into space rather than curve with the earth to cross the Atlantic. Conversely, innovative entrepreneurs often have more tacit knowledge. Innovative entrepreneurs pursue serendipitous observations or slow hunches, often through trial-and-error experiments, and may benefit from cognitive diversity, such as dyslexia and Asperger’s syndrome. What inventors and entrepreneurs know is the subject matter of the epistemology of innovation.","PeriodicalId":342770,"journal":{"name":"Openness to Creative Destruction","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126034206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Funding Entrepreneurs","authors":"A. Diamond","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190263669.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190263669.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"At the key early stage of most breakthrough innovations, when innovative ideas are hardest to communicate and most widely doubted, the innovations will be largely self-funded through job income, mortgage loans, or family investments. Many examples illustrate early self-funding, including Walt Disney, Frederic Tudor, Soichiro Honda, Steve Jobs, and Harold Hamm. Self-funding remains important at later stages of growth of the entrepreneurial firm because it allows the original innovative entrepreneur to maintain the enough control to continue innovating. This is especially important for project entrepreneurs. Centrally planned funders, such as MITI in Japan or DARPA in the United States, are unlikely to be the main agents of breakthrough innovations. Self-funding is easier to achieve when taxes are limited. The garage is the symbol of the importance of self-funding, where the inventor does not need to ask permission to invent, and the entrepreneur does not need to ask permission to innovate.","PeriodicalId":342770,"journal":{"name":"Openness to Creative Destruction","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117038360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：