STAR ProtocolsPub Date : 2026-05-07DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104542
Uwe Pfeil, Felix Dettler, Alexander Perniss, Praju Vikas Anekal, Lora Bankova, Paula Montero LIopis, Klaus Deckmann
{"title":"Preparation of cleared whole-mount urethra and urinary bladder from transcardially perfused mice for immunolabeling and analysis by CLSM.","authors":"Uwe Pfeil, Felix Dettler, Alexander Perniss, Praju Vikas Anekal, Lora Bankova, Paula Montero LIopis, Klaus Deckmann","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The distribution of cells within organs, their involvement in tissue structure, and their organization in three-dimensional networks are important aspects in the analysis and understanding of biological processes. Here, we present a protocol for preparing whole-mount urethra and urinary bladder from transcardially perfused mice for immunolabeling and analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy. We describe steps for perfusion, preparation, tissue clearing, and analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy. We then detail procedures for three-dimensional processing of the murine urethra and urinary bladder. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Schmidt et al.<sup>1</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":34214,"journal":{"name":"STAR Protocols","volume":"7 2","pages":"104542"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STAR ProtocolsPub Date : 2026-05-07DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104550
Ruibao Zhu, Salah Khorbtli, Jingmin Zhang, Zhuchen Fu, Cheng Huang
{"title":"Protocol for a saline-free surgical preparation of adult Drosophila for chronic in vivo brain imaging.","authors":"Ruibao Zhu, Salah Khorbtli, Jingmin Zhang, Zhuchen Fu, Cheng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Longitudinal brain imaging is essential for understanding neural mechanisms. Here, we present a saline-free, chronic preparation for repeated neural recording in adult Drosophila over multiple days. We describe steps for mounting flies, performing manual surgery on the head cuticle without external saline, and resealing the opening to create a transparent optical window. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by tracking single-neuron spiking and neuronal calcium dynamics over 7-10 days. This protocol is potentially applicable to other insect species.</p>","PeriodicalId":34214,"journal":{"name":"STAR Protocols","volume":"7 2","pages":"104550"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STAR ProtocolsPub Date : 2026-05-07DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104554
Maéva A Techer, Vivian A Peralta Santana, Brandon Woo, Richelle Marquess, Christopher Brennan, Audélia M C Mechti, Jackson B Linde, Spencer T Behmer, Gregory A Sword, Hojun Song
{"title":"Rearing, dissection, and temporal transcriptomic profiling protocols to study density-dependent phenotypic plasticity in the genus Schistocerca.","authors":"Maéva A Techer, Vivian A Peralta Santana, Brandon Woo, Richelle Marquess, Christopher Brennan, Audélia M C Mechti, Jackson B Linde, Spencer T Behmer, Gregory A Sword, Hojun Song","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here, we present a protocol for generating gregarious and solitarious density-dependent phenotypes in multiple Schistocerca locust and grasshopper species under controlled environmental conditions. We describe cage setup, feeding, animal handling, and sterile dissection workflows to isolate nervous, chemosensory, gut, fat body, and female reproductive tissues from nymphs and adults. This protocol emphasizes rapid tissue stabilization and RNase-control practices for downstream single-tissue DNA and RNA analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":34214,"journal":{"name":"STAR Protocols","volume":"7 2","pages":"104554"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STAR ProtocolsPub Date : 2026-05-07DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104558
Sydney E Parks, Diana Monsivais
{"title":"Protocol for lentiviral generation and transduction of human-derived endometrial epithelial organoids to study uterine function and pathologies.","authors":"Sydney E Parks, Diana Monsivais","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of patient-derived endometrial epithelial organoids has revolutionized the field of uterine biology. Here, we present a protocol for generating lentivirus and transducing human-derived endometrial epithelial organoids for the study of endometrial function and pathologies. We describe steps for lentiviral production, lentiviral transduction of endometrial epithelial organoids, and endometrial epithelial organoid passaging. We then detail procedures for validating lentiviral transduction. This protocol allows for knocking down or overexpressing genes of interest, enabling investigation of specific targets in a patient-centric model.</p>","PeriodicalId":34214,"journal":{"name":"STAR Protocols","volume":"7 2","pages":"104558"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STAR ProtocolsPub Date : 2026-05-07DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104543
Karan Khadayat, Morgan House, Vasudeva Tati, Amit S Joshi
{"title":"Protocol to determine in vitro lipid-protein interactions using liposome flotation assay.","authors":"Karan Khadayat, Morgan House, Vasudeva Tati, Amit S Joshi","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipid-protein interactions are crucial for cellular metabolism, transport, and signaling. Here, we present a detailed protocol to determine lipid-protein interactions using purified proteins, commercially available lipids, and a gradient centrifugation-based technique. We show how to make liposomes, test liposome size, form sucrose gradients with liposomes and purified protein, and collect and analyze the fractions after centrifugation. This protocol can determine lipid-protein interactions using a variety of liposome compositions for different proteins. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to House et al.<sup>1</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":34214,"journal":{"name":"STAR Protocols","volume":"7 2","pages":"104543"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STAR ProtocolsPub Date : 2026-05-06DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104545
Xin Fang, Lijun Bian, Caiwang Yan, Guangfu Jin
{"title":"Protocol for identifying cell-type-specific genes associated with disease risk using single-cell eQTL data.","authors":"Xin Fang, Lijun Bian, Caiwang Yan, Guangfu Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here, we present a protocol for mapping cell-type-specific cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTLs) in a target tissue and integrating them with genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. We describe pooled-sample multiplexed sequencing, genotype-based cell demultiplexing, cis-eQTL detection in specific cell types, and integration of single-cell eQTLs with GWAS. This protocol facilitates the identification of candidate risk genes and mechanisms underlying disease susceptibility. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Bian et al.<sup>1</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":34214,"journal":{"name":"STAR Protocols","volume":"7 2","pages":"104545"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STAR ProtocolsPub Date : 2026-05-05DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104530
Mostafa Changaei, Seyed Adnan Kashfi, Sara Soudi, Mohammad Adel Ghiass, Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
{"title":"Protocol to stain phagocytic macrophages and assess phagocytosis function in phagocytic cells.","authors":"Mostafa Changaei, Seyed Adnan Kashfi, Sara Soudi, Mohammad Adel Ghiass, Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The yeast phagocytosis assay serves as a foundational tool for directly visualizing and quantifying a phagocyte's ability to bind and internalize foreign targets. Here, we present a protocol for analyzing phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. We describe steps for yeast staining, phagocytosis of stained yeast, hematoxylin staining of macrophages, and light microscopy imaging. We then detail procedures for phagocytic metric analysis, which are also applicable to any phagocytic cells. This protocol can also be used for time-lapse visualization of phagocytosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":34214,"journal":{"name":"STAR Protocols","volume":"7 2","pages":"104530"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STAR ProtocolsPub Date : 2026-05-05DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104536
Rong Zhang, Xiao-Jun Tian
{"title":"Protocol for condensate-based stabilization of gene circuit dynamics under growth-mediated dilution in E. coli.","authors":"Rong Zhang, Xiao-Jun Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growth-mediated dilution can destabilize synthetic gene circuits by reducing intracellular concentrations of key regulatory proteins. Here, we present a protocol that uses liquid-liquid phase separation to buffer dilution of transcription factors and stabilize synthetic gene circuits in E. coli. We describe steps for constructing phase-separating self-activation circuits, characterizing condensate material properties by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and imaging of condensate-promoter colocalization. We outline single-cell microscopy and population-level plate reader assays to quantify circuit activation, growth-coupled dilution dynamics, and memory retention. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhang et al.<sup>1</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":34214,"journal":{"name":"STAR Protocols","volume":"7 2","pages":"104536"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STAR ProtocolsPub Date : 2026-05-04DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104511
Maria F Cano-Abad
{"title":"Protocol for isolating and culturing human monocytes from peripheral blood and measuring intracellular calcium dynamics using Fura-2.","authors":"Maria F Cano-Abad","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here, we present a protocol for isolating and culturing human monocytes from peripheral blood and measuring intracellular calcium ([Ca<sup>2+</sup>]ᵢ) dynamics using the fluorescent indicator Fura-2 AM. We describe steps for separating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by density gradient centrifugation and purifying monocytes using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). We then detail procedures for culturing purified monocytes and subjecting them to real-time Ca<sup>2+</sup> imaging to evaluate purinergic receptor activation, particularly P2X7 receptors, and downstream Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling in primary human monocytes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Garrosa-Jiménez et al.<sup>1</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":34214,"journal":{"name":"STAR Protocols","volume":"7 2","pages":"104511"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STAR ProtocolsPub Date : 2026-05-04DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104538
Zhaoyi Li, Dongjie Zhang, Zhaoyang Cheng, Hanju Zhang, Huandi Li, Lin Shi, Nan Wang, Qi Zeng, Xueli Chen
{"title":"Protocol for cerebrospinal fluid analysis using enrichment-enhanced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and transformer-enabled spectral classification.","authors":"Zhaoyi Li, Dongjie Zhang, Zhaoyang Cheng, Hanju Zhang, Huandi Li, Lin Shi, Nan Wang, Qi Zeng, Xueli Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid detection and precise classification of cerebrospinal fluid in acute leukemia patients constitute a crucial clinical imperative. Here, we present a protocol for cerebrospinal fluid analysis deep learning with enrichment-enhanced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (DL-SERS) detection and transformer-enabled spectral classification. We describe steps for preparing SERS-active materials and samples and acquiring SERS spectral data. We then detail procedures for deep learning-based classification. This protocol enables highly sensitive and efficient identification of acute leukemia patients. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhang et al.<sup>1</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":34214,"journal":{"name":"STAR Protocols","volume":"7 2","pages":"104538"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}