Nepal Journal of Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Potency of Medicinal Plants in Central Nepal's Highlands: A Comprehensive Analysis of Antioxidant, Antibacterial Properties, and Toxicity","authors":"Tara Shrestha, Suman Prakash Pradhan, Prayon Joshi, Sunil Bhandari, Janardan Lamichhane","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.271","url":null,"abstract":"The current research study aimed to assess the antibacterial, antioxidant, and toxicity effectiveness of eight locally accessible medicinal plants found in the Kavre District of Nepal: Schima wallichii, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cuscuta reflexa, Bombax ceiba, Drymaria diandra, Psidium guajava, Myrica esculenta, and Urtica dioica. Plant extracts were prepared in absolute methanol. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of basic classes of secondary plant metabolites; saponin, sterol, , tannin, quinone, alkaloids, terpenoids, reducing sugar, protein, cardiac glycoside and carbohydrate was carried out. Further, antimicrobial activities, free radical scavenging potential, and toxicity bioassays of the crude extracts were performed. The basic secondary metabolites were detected in all plant extracts. Among the studied plants, W. fructicosa, S. wallichi, M. esculenta, and P. guajava showed noteworthy antimicrobial activities against inspected pathogens. A significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was found in P. guajava, M. esculenta, B. ceiba, W. fructicosa, and U. dioca. Likewise, the highest toxicity potential was observed in C. reflexa followed by U. dioca, B. ceiba, and S. wallichi against Artemia salina. These signifies the potential of plant extracts in herbal medicine. Further work on screening of other biochemical properties will enhance the potential of these plant extracts in modern phytotherapy.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139141811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening and Molecular Characterization of Antibacterial Secondary Metabolite Producing Actinomycetes from Soils of Eastern Mountain Regions of Nepal","authors":"Shiv Nandan Sah, Pradip Pratap Dhakal","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i2.260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.260","url":null,"abstract":"Antibacterial secondary metabolite is a bioactive compound like antibiotic that can be considered a substance, produced by one microorganism, which in low concentration inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. Actinomycetes, slow-growing gram-positive bacteria, are the major sources of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to screen and identify antibacterial secondary metabolite-producing actinomycetes by sequencing the 16S rRNA method (molecular identification) from the soils of the mountain region of eastern Nepal. Starch casein agar (SCA) medium was used for the isolation of actinomycetes which were confirmed by primary screening and secondary screening. Identification of presumptive genera was done based on macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical characteristics and confirmed by sequencing their 16S rRNA genes. The antibacterial compound was produced by culturing the potential isolate in starch casein broth. Using organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, n-butanol, chloroform, dichloromethane, and methanol, the chemical was recovered from the fermented broth. TLC performed the antibacterial substance characterization. Only 9 (13.6%) of the 66 actinomycetes isolates showed antibacterial activity against test microorganisms. Only one of the nine isolates, M3, had antibacterial activity in primary screening against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) test bacteria. M3 was chosen for secondary screening due to its strong antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude antibacterial substances was found to be 2.5 mg/mL against test organisms. According to the TLC chromatogram, the isolate produced only one compound with an Rf value of 0.81, completely distinct from the spot formed by gentamicin (standard), which had an Rf value of 0.89. The isolates were considered Streptomyces spp., a distinct taxonomic group based on characterization by macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, physiological, and molecular techniques. This study concluded that Mountain regions are the reservoir of antibiotic- producing actinomycetes. Streptomyces is the most common genus.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" 55","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139139173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of Biscuits Supplemented With Soy, Kinema, and Buckwheat Flour","authors":"Alina Bhandari, Srijana Thapaliya","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i1.277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i1.277","url":null,"abstract":"Consumer demand for bakery products prepared using composite flour, such as biscuits, is growing. The incorporation of buckwheat flour, soy flour, and kinema flour can be considered in composite flour-based biscuits since they have good nutraceutical properties and their gluten-free nature can help avoid celiac disease. The purpose of this research was to study the physicochemical and functional characteristics of buckwheat flour, soy flour, and kinema flour as well as their potential as functional foods. The biscuits were prepared with a mixture of buckwheat flour, kinema flour, and soy flour in 10%, 30%, and 50% concentrations with whole wheat flour to evaluate the quality and acceptability of the biscuit. The composite flour biscuits were examined for their proximate compositions. The DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to assess the antioxidant properties of the biscuit extract, while the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the Aluminum Chloride Colorimetric Assay were both used to assess the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. The overall acceptability of biscuits by sensory analysis was highest at a 50% level of Black kinema flour (BLKF). Sample M (BLKF 50 %) had 0.66, 21.06, 1.61, 11.88, and 3.23 % moisture, fat, crude fiber, protein, and ash, respectively. The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were found in black kinema flour (748.22 mg GAE/g and 8.92 mg GAE/g, respectively), while the highest level of antioxidant activity was found in brown kinema flour (313.56 μg/ml). BRKF 50:50 had the highest antioxidant activity (440.43 μg/ml), while BLKF 50:50 had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (692.67 mg GAE/g and 8.60 mg GAE/g, respectively). The qualitative evaluation of the phytochemical content and amino acid in various flour varieties as well as in composite biscuits gave positive results. Thus, the composite flour biscuits could serve as a low-cost functional food.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135314069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance Among Poultry Farms in South Asia: A Scoping Review","authors":"Krishna Prasad Acharya, Sarita Phuyal, Dong Keon Yon","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i1.276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i1.276","url":null,"abstract":"South Asia is a major hotspot of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the situation of increasing AMR is alarming. Livestock, particularly poultry sectors are supposed to have the highest burden of AMR in animal health sectors. We reviewed published works about AMR in poultry farms in South Asia from 2005–2020, identifying 37 relevant articles. Published articles showed the high prevalence of AMR among poultry farms in South Asian countries, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. The pattern of resistance to antibiotics was found to vary with a higher degree of resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, and ciprofloxacin; and little or no resistance to less commonly used antibiotics such as amikacin and ceftriaxone. Antibiotics such as amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and ceftriaxone antibiotics were effective against E. coli; ampicillin, enrofloxacin, colistin, chloramphenicol in Salmonella sps; azithromycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin in Campylobacter sps; chloramphenicol and vancomycin in Staphylococcus sps. However, all these available scientific publications were based on point prevalence studies and lacked a comprehensive baseline, which makes it difficult to get a clear insight into AMR among poultry farms in South Asia. Thus, nationwide comprehensive studies on antimicrobial resistance among poultry farms in South Asian countries are necessary to get a clear picture of AMR in poultry farms in South Asian nations and to inform policies related to infection prevention and control measures.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135314074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Coconut Water and GA3 Concentrations on in vitro Clonal Propagation of Potato Cultivars from Nepal","authors":"Durga Prasad Kafle, Sanam Parajuli, Aastha Upreti, Dhurva Prasad Gauchan","doi":"10.54796/njb.v11i1.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i1.274","url":null,"abstract":"Nodal propagation plays a crucial role in mass multiplication of potato plants. Growth regulators and media selection have an impact on the efficacy and quality of propagation. Both coconut water, a naturally occurring organic source of growth-promoting compounds, and the synthetic growth regulator GA3 (gibberellic acid-3), have the ability to accelerate plant growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of growth regulators and media, specifically GA3 and coconut water (CW) in agar-based media (ABM) and Clarigel-based media (CBM) which is a Gellan gum-based media, on potato nodal propagation. In contrast to the control group, GA3 in ABM did not produce definitive results, however GA3 in CBM showed a considerable level of efficacy. For the Janak Dev variety, CBM surpassed ABM in terms of root length, root hairs, leaf size, and dry biomass, whereas ABM demonstrated superior root length for the cardinal variety. In comparison to the GA3 alone at concentration ranges from 0 to 2 mg/L, adding CW at 200 mL/L to CBM or combining GA3 (0.25 mg/L) and CW (10 mL/L) substantially enhanced features including shoot length, leaf size, and root growth for both kinds. Acclimatized plantlets had a survival efficiency of 85% to 95%, with CBM supplemented with GA3 showing the highest survival rate and CBM supplemented with CW coming in second. These results highlight the significance of growth regulator and media choice in enhancing potato nodal propagation for improved plant quality and multiplication.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135314082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detoxification and Removal of Hexavalent Chromium in Aquatic Systems: Applications of Bioremediation","authors":"A. Aththanayake, I. Rathnayake, M. P. Deeyamulla","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i2.243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i2.243","url":null,"abstract":"Chromium is a transition metal with a wide range of applications in leather tanning, textile, electroplating, stainless steel production, inorganic chemical production and wood preservation industries due to yellow colouration, corrosion resistance, higher melting-point and crystalline structure with raging of oxidation states from 0 to +6. Trivalent and hexavalent chromium are the most abundant forms of chromium discharged into the aquatic environment by industries. It has been reported that hexavalent chromium is highly toxic than trivalent chromium due to the higher solubility, mobility and tendency to accumulate in higher trophic levels, which, therefore, become bioavailable and causes carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects on most microorganisms and animals, growth inhibition, morphological and physiological changes and yield reductions in plants. Therefore, it is essential to detoxify the above hazardous pollutants up to permissible limits, which local and international authorities have legislated concerning its threat towards biotic components. Hexavalent chromium detoxification is possible to achieve using three methods i.e. physical, chemical and biological methods. These remediation processes can eliminate highly toxic hexavalent chromium or transform it into a less toxic form of trivalent chromium, completely or partially by adsorption and reduction. Biological remediation is considered a cost-effective and ecofriendly method compared to physical and chemical remediation. Further, many biological agents have been identified as agents that can tolerate the hexavalent chromium toxicity up to certain higher levels depending on the internal and external environmental factors, indicating different metal tolerance mechanisms that are assumed to be applied in metal remediation aspects. According to the testimonies of novel bioremediation studies, some hexavalent chromium tolerant organisms such as plants, bacteria, unicellular and multicellular fungi and algae are promising eco-friendly alternatives in detoxification and hexavalent chromium removal perspective. This article reviews the bioremediation approaches available for hexavalent chromium detoxification and removal and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of current bioremediation methods.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77973151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Selected Nepalese Medicinal Plants","authors":"Deepak Kumar Shrestha, Basanta Kumar Sapkota, Krishna Prasad Sharma","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i2.239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i2.239","url":null,"abstract":"Several medicinal plants have been used from the traditional period of times to cure different diseases but there is little scientific evidence. The phytochemicals of plants can reduce cardiovascular and other diseases. The present study analyzed the five different medicinal plants of the Gulmi and Rupandehi districts of Nepal using in vitro studies. They were Crateva Unilocularis, Aegle marmelos, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Urtica dioica and Justicia adhatoda. The antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract of plants was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay, total phenolic content was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and total flavonoid content was determined by using the Aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Results revealed that the methanolic extract of plants contained phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, quinones, terpenoids, etc. The extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristi showed the highest % of radical scavenging activity up to 64.931±0.032% with an IC50 value of 70.506±1.55μg/ml followed by Aegle marmelos and the lowest in Urtica dioica. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis revealed the highest TPC (97.647±7.01mgGAE/g) and lowest in Urtica dioica. Crateva unilocularis had the highest TFC 31.99±2.345mgQE/g and followed by Nyctanthes arbortristis and lowest in Justicia adhatoda. These parameters were analyzed from the period 5 September 2021 to 10 October 2021.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73841686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Genetic Diversity in Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc] Assessed by Microsatellite Markers","authors":"Nwakuche Chinenye Onwubiko, Michael Ifeanyi Uguru, Grace Ovute Chimdi","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i2.242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i2.242","url":null,"abstract":"Bambara groundnut is a valuable leguminous crop with many landraces. A study was carried out to establish genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship, among 33 Bambara groundnut accessions based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The nine microsatellite markers amplified a total of 27 alleles with a mean of 6.00 alleles per locus. Marker P 36 had the highest number of polymorphic bands while makers P131 and P68 were monomorphic. Genetic distance among the accessions based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.84 to 1.00. Cluster analysis resolved the accessions into five major groups with subgroups. Each group had a combination of distinct accessions from different geographical origin. A substantial level of intra-accession polymorphism was obtained among the evaluated collection of Bambara groundnut. The significant genetic diversity observed can support the selection of appropriate parental genotypes for the improvement of Bambara groundnut through various breeding programmes.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"2020 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73495980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Ethanol Extract of Botanicals in Controlling Wheat Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae triticum in vitro","authors":"M. Rehena, F. Aminuzzaman, M. Ashrafi, Md. Mahmudur R. Chowdhury, U. Habiba, Z. Nazifa, M. Ahmed","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i2.241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i2.241","url":null,"abstract":"The present research work was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of eight fresh botanicals namely Azadirachta indica (Neem leaf), Allium cepa (Onion bulb), Allium sativum (Garlic), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Allamanda cathartica (Allamanda leaf), Nigella sativa (Black cumin) and Aloe vera (Aloe vera) against Magnaporthe oryzae triticum (MoT) and solvent, ethanol (95%) was used for the phytochemical extraction of various plant parts. Three concentrations namely 1:1 (w/v), 1:0.50 (w/v) and 1:0.25 (w/v) of plant parts and ethanol were used for botanical extraction. The antifungal activity of botanicals against a virulent MoT isolate CHMoT07 was evaluated in-vitro using poison food technique. The lowest mycelia growth was recorded with Aloe vera (Aloe vera leaf) extracts and Nigella sativa (Black cumin seeds) extracts @ 1:1 w/v and @ 1:0.25 w/v with growth rate of 3.00 mm and 3.33 mm respectively at 7 days after inoculation, whereas the highest mycelia growth rate of MoT isolates was recorded in control plates both at 7 DAI and 14 DAI under in-vitro condition.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89327715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study on Antioxidant Activity of Propolis of Apis mellifera from Different Regions of Nepal","authors":"R. Gyawali, Aparna Paudel, Babita Lamsal, Pranisha Bhatta, Albina Maharjan, Nina Khaitu, R. Shrestha","doi":"10.54796/njb.v10i2.240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i2.240","url":null,"abstract":"Propolis is a waxy material obtained from honey bee hives. The physical and chemical property of this product is variable based on the source of hive, plant biodiversity where honeybee feed, season of collection, geographical origin etc. Propolis has several useful chemical compounds, and among them polyphenols are mainly contributing for their broad spectrum of medicinal quality such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities as well as antioxidant properties. The present study aims to analyze the ethanolic extract of propolis for their phenol and flavonoid content as well as its antioxidant characteristics. The samples (SPLs) were collected from farmers of six different locations of Nepal i.e. Jhapa, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Banke and Chitwan districts. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured by Folin Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride method respectively expressed as the gallic acid (GAE) and quercetin (QE) and equivalent (GAE) per gram. The Diphenyl-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method was used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant effect of propolis was reported in ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity per gram of propolis. The highest content of phenolic and flavonoid content was found in sample SPL 2. The range of these compounds' concentrations were from 127.36±5.50 mg GAE/gram to 242.7±4.50 mg GAE/gram. Similarly, total flavonoid content ranged from 1.3197±0.0261 QE mg/ grams to 5.3921±0.0261 QE mg/ grams. Whereas samples from SPL 2, and SPL 5 showed highest antioxidant properties. All samples were found to have strong antioxidant capacity which was greater than standard. It is concluded that there is no direct correlation on total antioxidant property of propolis with their total phenolic and total flavonoid content among collected samples. The phenolic characteristics of the samples were variable to the geographical location, and plant diversity of their origin.","PeriodicalId":34186,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84422949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}