Frontiers in Agronomy最新文献

{"title":"Assessing wind damage and potential yield loss in mid-season corn using a geospatial approach","authors":"Ammar B. Bhandari, Tulsi P. Kharel, K. N. Reddy","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1195761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1195761","url":null,"abstract":"Yield loss due to natural disasters, such as storms with high-speed winds and rainfall, can significantly damage standing corn (Zea mays L.) plants and yield. Using a geospatial approach, the study aimed to estimate green snap wind damage to corn and assess potential yield and economic loss in the Mississippi Delta. Midseason corn (V12–V14) snapping occurred on 8 June 2022. We recorded green snap damage in 13 fields [1.0 to 2.0 hectares (ha−1)] with low (224 kg ha−1) and high (336 kg ha−1) N rates and two different row orientations (north–south and east–west) after the damage. The results indicated no nitrogen rates or row orientation effect on green snap damage. The average yield loss could be ~29.25 kg ha−1, with every 1% increase in green snap wind damage causing significant economic loss to producers. Research methods can help scientists to estimate potential green snap yield loss due to severe winds in the larger fields. Research results can also help estimate potential yield and economic loss to assist producers and other stakeholders in decision-making to prepare for changing weather patterns and unprecedented severe windstorms in the future.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48825850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crop rotation and cultivation effects on Convolvulus arvensis population dynamics in small grain organic cropping systems","authors":"Kara Hettinger, Z. Miller, Kyrstan L. Hubbel, Tim F. Seipel","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1177461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1177461","url":null,"abstract":"Convolvulus arvensis L. Scop. (field bindweed) is a difficult weed to manage in organic cropping systems. Convolvulus arvensis suppression often requires intensive tillage and cultivation practices that have negative impacts on soil quality. To improve C. arvensis management in organic, small grain cropping systems, we compared ten cropping system treatments in a field trial from the autumn of 2017 until harvest of 2020 in Corvallis, MT, USA. Cropping system treatments varied along a gradient of tillage and crop competition, with tillage intensity and competition inversely related. High soil disturbance and no competition occurred in two treatments that remained in tilled fallow for two consecutive years. Six cropping system treatments had different combinations of tillage and annual or biennial crops, including wheat and forages. Two treatments had minimal soil disturbance and maximum competition from two consecutive years of perennial alfalfa. Convolvulus arvensis ramet density was counted annually to estimate changes in treatments over time. Differences in soil chemical and physical properties between treatments were also assessed in the final years of the study. In the first two years, there was no difference in C. arvensis ramet density among cropping system treatments. In the final two years of the study, C. arvensis density remained below one ramet per m2 in intensively tilled fallow treatments and perennial alfalfa treatments, but was much more variable in treatments with more diverse annual and biennial crop rotations with minimal to moderate tillage. The only differences between treatments in soil physical and chemical properties was aggregate stability. Soil from the most intensively tilled fallow treatments had lower soil aggregate stability than six other treatments, indicating higher erosion potential. Our results suggest that annual cropping systems can lead to increased C. arvensis density. Incorporating a perennial forage or an intensively tilled fallow period can prevent C. arvensis expansion in small grain organic cropping systems, but the perennial forage can protect and enhance soil quality.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49369375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closing the yield gap of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) in Southern Africa: a case of Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique","authors":"J. O. Omondi, S. Mkuhlani, Jane W. Mugo, A. M. Chibeba, M. Chiduwa, G. Chigeza, S. Kyei-Boahen, P. Masikati, I. Nyagumbo","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1219490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1219490","url":null,"abstract":"Smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are increasingly producing soybean for food, feed, cash, and soil fertility improvement. Yet, the difference between the smallholder farmers’ yield and either the attainable in research fields or the potential from crop models is wide. Reasons for the yield gap include low to nonapplication of appropriate fertilizers and inoculants, late planting, low plant populations, recycling seeds, etc.Here, we reviewed the literature on the yield gap and the technologies for narrowing it and modelled yields through the right sowing dates and suitable high-yielding varieties in APSIM.Results highlighted that between 2010 and 2020 in SSA, soybean production increased; however, it was through an expansion in the cropped area rather than a yield increase per hectare. Also, the actual smallholder farmers’ yield was 3.8, 2.2, and 2.3 times lower than the attainable yield in Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique, respectively. Through inoculants, soybean yield increased by 23.8%. Coupling this with either 40 kg ha−1 of P or 60 kg ha−1 of K boosted the yields by 89.1% and 26.0%, respectively. Overall, application of 21–30 kg ha-1 of P to soybean in SSA could increase yields by about 48.2%. Furthermore, sowing at the right time increased soybean yield by 300%. Although these technologies enhance soybean yields, they are not fully embraced by smallholder farmers. Hence, refining and bundling them in a digital advisory tool will enhance the availability of the correct information to smallholder farmers at the right time and improve soybean yields per unit area.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41568780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Worldwide development of agronomic management practices for quinoa cultivation: a systematic review","authors":"Nawal Taaime, Sifeddine Rafik, Khalil El Mejahed, A. Oukarroum, R. Choukr-allah, R. Bouabid, M. El Gharous","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1215441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1215441","url":null,"abstract":"Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) is a drought and salinity-tolerant crop that originated in the Andes over 7000 years ago. It is adapted to different agroecological areas and can be grown from sea level to an altitude of 4000 m. The outstanding nutritional status of quinoa, with its high content of proteins, vitamins, and minerals, makes it a promising crop able to combat hunger and malnutrition in different countries in the 21st century. Quinoa cultivation has expanded from South America to Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Reviewing quinoa cropping practices will provide farmers with adequate recommendations for improving the agronomic and environmental sustainability of quinoa cultivation worldwide. For this reason, we conducted a systematic review of agronomic management practices in 148 field experiments conducted worldwide from 2000 to 2022. The collected data from the literature were analyzed and presented by location to determine high-performing genotypes, optimal planting dates, and other adequate cropping practices affecting quinoa performance and yield. Results showed that quinoa could be successfully cultivated in the new farming areas. Quinoa yields were higher than those reported in its place of origin, ranging from 108 kg ha-1, obtained by KU-2 in Washington State, to 9667 kg ha-1, obtained by Longli in China. Although quinoa is considered a crop with low input requirements, positive grain yield response was observed following increasing fertilization rates. Quinoa needs 2 to 4.6 kg of nitrogen to produce 1q of grain yield. In terms of phosphorus and potassium, quinoa needs 3.7 kg P2O5 and 4.3 kg K2O to produce 1 ton of total biomass. Quinoa has low water requirements (300-400 mm). However, a positive response was recorded with water quantities up to 866 mm. During our investigation, weed control in quinoa crop is still undeveloped and usually done manually. Research addressing this issue can increase quinoa yields and decrease the production cost. Downey mildew and birds’ attack are the major phytosanitary problems affecting quinoa grain yield. Other pests such as miners and aphids can also affect the health of quinoa, but their injury is not a serious problem. After the harvest, saponins found in the out layer of the seed can be removed through washing and mechanical pearling process, but the latter technic was found to be efficient and cost effective to reduce the saponin content. Our results constitute the first recommendation base for the adequate worldwide agronomic practices of quinoa crop.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45762747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating chemoreception and behavioural responses of Tetranychus urticae (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) to organic acids, aldehydes and essential oil components","authors":"Kayla Gaudet, N. Faraone, N. K. Hillier","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1212705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1212705","url":null,"abstract":"The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a globally distributed polyphagous agricultural pest that is resistant to a variety of synthetic chemical pesticides. Plant essential oils have been recognized as a novel natural source of pest control that have a reduced impact to the environment and human health relative to synthetic pesticides, and which may provide a viable alternative for managing this pest. The present study focuses on assessing the potential of mite semiochemicals and essential oil constitutes as repellents and miticides. We developed an innovative electrophysiological approach (electrotarsography) to record olfactory sensitivity of T. urticae. Additionally, a novel two-choice behavioural assay was designed to determine whether T. urticae is attracted or repelled by selected compounds. Using Gas Chromatography-linked Electrotarsal detection (GC-ETD), we determined that T. urticae can sense many terpenoids commonly found in plant essential oils, such as eucalyptol, thymol, and linalool. In addition, T. urticae responded to carboxylic acids and aldehydes, which are known to be detected by ionotropic receptors. In two-choice behavioural assays, T. urticae was repelled by various essential oil active ingredients, as well as carboxylic acids and aldehydes. The study provides much needed insight to identify behaviourally relevant chemical cues for the development of mite control strategies.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46279501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cajanus cajan: a promissory high-nitrogen fixing cover crop for Uruguay","authors":"Verónica Berriel, C. Perdomo","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1214811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1214811","url":null,"abstract":"Cover crops can increase agricultural sustainability by protecting soil from erosion, increasing biodiversity, and symbiotically incorporating fixed nitrogen (N) into the soil. Nowadays, however, in Uruguay mostly grasses are planted in autumn to protect the soil from erosion. Another option is to study tropical legumes’ performance as cover crops, which can fix substantial amounts of nitrogen in short growing periods, thereby bridging the knowledge gap in Uruguayan agriculture. The main objective was to evaluate and compare the performance of six tropical legumes (Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lablab, Mucuna pruriens) and the temperate legume Glycine max. The evaluation focused on aboveground biomass and the N mass derived from fixation (NmdFix), as well as other attributes; three field experiments were conducted on a southern Uruguay farm during the summers of 2017, 2018, and 2019. The growing cycle lengths for the cover crops in 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 117, 130, and 90 days, respectively. The results showed that when planting was done at late December (2017 and 2018 growing cycles), the species with the highest mean biomass yield were Crotalaria juncea (two year average 12.0 Mg ha-1) and Cajanus cajan (11.0 Mg ha-1), but Cajanus cajan (149 kg ha-1) more than doubled the NmdFix mass of Crotalaria juncea (57 kg ha-1). In 2018 biomass yields were much higher than in 2017, with Glycine max (20.0 Mg ha-1) yielding at a similar level to Crotalaria juncea and Cajanus cajan (20.5 and 18.7 Mg ha-1, respectively). Amounts of NmdFix, however, were much higher in Glycine max and Cajanus cajan (263 and 253 kg N ha-1, respectively), than in Crotalaria juncea (91 kg N ha-1). In 2019 planting had to be delayed until early February and only Glycine max maintained acceptable biomass and NmdFix levels. In conclusion, based on its fixing N potential, for late December sowings Cajanus cajan and Glycine max would be the most promising species for cover crop use, while for late January or early February sowings, only Glycine max would an option because the tropical species seriously impaired their productivity when grew longer into the cooler autumn temperatures.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47390539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological nitrogen fixation by soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), a novel, high protein crop in Scotland, requires inoculation with non-native bradyrhizobia","authors":"M. Maluk, M. Giles, G. Wardell, Aminin Taqrir Akramin, Francesc Ferrando-Molina, Ashley Murdoch, Marta Barros, C. Beukes, M. Vasconcelos, Ellie Harrison, T. Daniell, R. Quilliam, P. Iannetta, E. James","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1196873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1196873","url":null,"abstract":"It is currently not recommended to grow soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) further than 54° North, but climate change and the development of new high latitude-adapted varieties raises the possibility that it could be introduced into Scotland as a novel high protein crop deriving most of its nitrogen (N) requirements through biological N fixation (BNF). This was evaluated via field trials in 2017 and 2018 near Dundee (56.48°N). As there are no native soybean-nodulating bacteria (SNB) in UK soils, soybean requires inoculation to exploit its BNF potential. In 2017, three commercial inoculants containing elite Bradyrhizobium strains significantly increased plant biomass in plot trials with a soybean 000 maturity group variety (ES Comandor). Rhizobia were isolated from the nodules and identified as the original inoculant species, B. diazoefficiens and B. japonicum. One inoculant (Rizoliq Top) was used for larger-scale trials in 2018 with two varieties (ES Comandor, ES Navigator); inoculation doubled the grain yield to 1 t ha-1 compared to the uninoculated crop. The inoculated soybean obtained most of its N through BNF in both years regardless of plant genotype i.e. >73%Ndfa, with BNF contributions to aerial biomass exceeding 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in 2017 and that to grain 50 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in 2018. These data suggest that N-fixing soybean could be grown in Scotland without mineral N-fertiliser, either for forage as animal feed, or as green pods for human consumption (“edamame”), and potentially, even as dry grain. The potential for survival of the Bradyrhizobium inoculant strains in soils was also demonstrated through the detection of the inoculant strain B. diazoefficiens SEMIA 5080 at relatively high populations (104 g-1 dry soil) using a qRT-PCR method with SNB-specific nodZ primers. Microbiome data obtained from soil using 16S rRNA primers demonstrated that the diversity of bacteria belonging to the genus Bradyrhizobium increased in soybean-cropped soils compared to bulk soil regardless of inoculation status. The economic and practical implications of residual inoculum, as well as those arising from introducing a non-native plant and alien bacteria into Scottish soils in terms of their impact on the native soil microbiota are discussed.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47808682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Conservation agriculture: knowledge frontiers around the world","authors":"Stéphane Cordeau, L. Gatere, M. L. Jat, C. Pittelkow, Christian Thierfelder","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1177412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1177412","url":null,"abstract":"COPYRIGHT © 2023 Cordeau, Gatere, Jat, Pittelkow and Thierfelder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. TYPE Editorial PUBLISHED 20 June 2023 DOI 10.3389/fagro.2023.1177412","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42980615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liming remediates soil acidity and improves crop yield and profitability - a meta-analysis","authors":"R. Enesi, M. Dyck, Scott X. Chang, M. Thilakarathna, Xiaoli Fan, S. Strelkov, L. Gorim","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1194896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1194896","url":null,"abstract":"Soil acidity reduces base cations required for plant growth and may result in phytotoxic concentrations of soluble aluminum. Liming acidic soils is generally promoted as an effective management practice to increase soil pH, base cation concentrations, and ameliorate toxicity caused by aluminum and manganese. Through a global literature review using data published from field experiments on liming, the objective of this paper is to understand the effects of liming on soil pH, crop yields, and economic profitability. The results show that liming positively influenced crop yields and soil pH, implying that various lime sources can increase soil pH and crop productivity. The effect sizes of liming on crop yields when lime was incorporated into soils were higher than surface application irrespective of tillage practice. Liming under no-tillage (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT) management showed higher effect sizes for crop yields. Liming increased effect sizes for crop yields in fertilized compared with unfertilized trials. Gypsum, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate showed higher effect sizes when compared with Cement Klin Dust (CKD), dolomite and wood ash. The results show that liming increased yields for all crops except potatoes and oats. Liming generally increases soil pH and changes in soil pH increased with higher lime application rates and yield increases were proportional to the magnitude of increases in soil pH. The profitability of liming differed with crop type and liming rate, being more profitable at lower liming rates. Overall, this meta-analysis shows that liming decreases soil acidity and improves crop yields. Attaining maximum gains from liming agricultural crops under acidic soil conditions requires an understanding of the appropriate lime rates required for specific crops and soil types to ensure overall profitability for producers and sustainable improvement of soil health.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42224986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial distribution of tree and grassland fine roots in an alley cropping system","authors":"Rahel Sutterlütti, Isabell König, Anita Swieter, M. Jansen","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1200785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1200785","url":null,"abstract":"Alley cropping systems are known as more sustainable land use alternatives compared to monoculture cropland. In addition to the improvement of above-ground structures and creation of biotopes relevant to nature conservation, the improvement of resource development through various root systems plays a major role. We studied the interaction of the root systems in an alley cropping system combining permanent grassland and willows and at a reference grassland site. The system was established 12 years prior to our study on a site with a shallow groundwater table at 130 cm depth. We measured carbon stocks in the topsoil and determined the share of root-bound carbon relative to the total carbon pool and extracted soil cores up to a depth of 150 cm along a distance gradient to the trees and at a reference grassland site with no tree influence. The maximal rooting depth of the grassland roots increased with increasing distance to the tree lines and total root biomass was higher than under the grassland reference up to a distance of 2.5 m from the tree line. Tree roots extended up to a distance of 5.5 m from the trees and we could distinguish zones of tree root dominance very close to the trees, zones of grassland root dominance at distances ≥ 8.5 m and an interaction zone in between those two extremes. We conclude that alley cropping increases belowground biomass as compared to grassland and has therefore a higher potential to store carbon in the subsoil.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42404532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}