Journal of Gender Related Studies最新文献

{"title":"FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PRACTICE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN KENYAN COMMUNITIES A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"Dr. Hadhi Hussein","doi":"10.47941/jgrs.909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.909","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), is the ritual removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. In Kenya, the practice of female mutilation is considered dangerous and the country has imposed laws to prevent the practice from continuation. The major purpose of this study is to identify factors influencing the practice of female genital mutilation among women in Kenya communities. \u0000Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. \u0000Findings: The study concluded that the practice of FGM is a social consequence that is affecting a number of women and young girls socially, psychological and physically. To eradicate the practice, there is a need for education campaigns in the communities that practice FGM. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory and Practice: Research on the knowledge and practice of female genital mutilation and other socio-demographic and economic variable must be done in order to figure out more factors that may influence and promote the practice in Kenyan communities","PeriodicalId":339038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gender Related Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121454350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN THE URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS OF NAIROBI A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"Dr. Usher Noor","doi":"10.47941/jgrs.908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.908","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Violence against women is one of the most widespread problems facing Kenyan women today. The central problem of this study is the way women react to domestic violence and in particular why they do not seek redress through the available channels. Whilst women are particularly affected by domestic violence, they are also the primary victims of rape or sexual attacks by strangers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of domestic violence against women in urban informal settlements of Nairobi and why the women do not seek any redress. \u0000Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. \u0000Findings: Though GBV is a well-known vice that pervades all social strata all over the world, most women suffer in silence. This is mainly due to cultural beliefs, poverty, lack of resources or weak and unsupportive community structures, discriminatory laws governing marriage and divorce, social stigma, their economic dependency on men as well as their ignorance of their rights. Due to their low levels of education, most women believe that their husbands have a right to beat them. They do not know that they have available options, which can save them from abusive relationships. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory and Practice: When developing and putting up interventions to help survivors of gender-based violence, these interventions should be designed in partnership with the women they are intended to benefit","PeriodicalId":339038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gender Related Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122210456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Assault and its Effects on Male Prisoners’ Rehabilitation: A Case of Kamiti Medium Prison, Kiambu County- Kenya","authors":"Mildred Auma Arum, G. Ngare, W. Mwai","doi":"10.47941/jgrs.829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.829","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This article examines the effects of sexual assault on male prisoners’ rehabilitation in Kamiti Medium Prison. It highlights underlying effects of sexual assault that negatively interfere with rehabilitation of male prisoners by exploring prevalence of sexual assault, effectiveness of the Kenya Prisons Rehabilitation Program on sexual assault survivors and perpetrators and the coping mechanisms employed by survivors of sexual assault in Kamiti Medium Prison. \u0000Methodology: The study employed descriptive survey research design guided by Travis Hirschi’s social control theory and the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model to interrogated sexual assault, a prison gender dynamic of power and control, and its underlying effects on male prisoners’ rehabilitation. Key informant interview schedules and semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather both quantitative and qualitative data from respondents identified through stratified and purposive sampling. Quantitative and qualitative data was then coded and analyzed respectively to establish the effects of sexual assault on male prisoners’ rehabilitation in Kamiti Medium Prison. \u0000Results: Findings indicate that sexual assault in Kamiti Medium Prison is a trivialized gender concern despite it being rampant and its effects adversely affecting rehabilitation processes of victims and perpetrators. Moreover, there are no socially acceptable coping structures for survivors and perpetrators of sexual assault and the available rehabilitation programmes are not need-based. This allows for negative and socially unacceptable coping mechanisms that worsen the effects of sexual assault and reinforce prisoners’ criminal mentality thereby contributing to their non-rehabilitation. \u0000Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This study departs from the many others which have largely focused on prevalence, nature and general effects of sexual assault, including possible mitigations. It provides a deeper understanding on effects of sexual assault and its impact on male prisoners’ capacity to be rehabilitated, an under researched field. Findings add knowledge to the existing literature and will benefit policy makers in the criminal justice system in addressing policy gaps like absence of a correctional policy and review of the Prison Act to synchronize with the Sexual Offences Act. Lastly, findings also form basis for future researches on the subject i.e. it recommends two studies, one, to interrogate whether those involved in prison sexual assault were imprisoned for the same crime and two, to explore the rate at which prisoners involved in prison sexual assault tend to reoffend.","PeriodicalId":339038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gender Related Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121453635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE","authors":"Winnie Njoki","doi":"10.47941/jgrs.744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.744","url":null,"abstract":"Gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. However, gender inequalities in the workplace persist. The article summarizes gender discrimination against working women in the workplace. Different articles have revealed that gender discrimination is a persistent problem in the workplace. The theory developed by Engels, Patriarchy-capitalism theory and the Conflict theory by Turner and Musick are the major theories that are used in this analysis. This study used a humanistic approach to textual analysis while researching and writing this essay, compared to a behavioral approach, which would involve studying gender discrimination in workplaces.  Content analysis shows that females are discriminated more than males in private organizations. Further, the findings show that females are discriminated more than males in private sector than in public sector. The results show that gender discrimination decreases satisfaction & motivation and commitment & enthusiasm level of employees, and increases the stress level in the employees. The study recommends that organizations should review their recruiting processes and also stand up to gender bias when it happens.","PeriodicalId":339038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gender Related Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128570916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE. A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"Quinn Wanjiru","doi":"10.47941/jgrs.742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.742","url":null,"abstract":"This article assesses the causes and effects of gender-based violence. Gender-Based violence refers to harmful acts directed at an individual based on their gender. Gender-based violence can include sexual, physical, mental and economic harm inflicted in public or in private. It also includes threats of violence, coercion and manipulation. This can take many forms such as intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation and so-called ‘honour crimes. The consequences of gender-based violence are devastating and can have life-long repercussions for survivors. It can even lead to death. The methodological approach for these articles is based on qualitative research methods of previous articles. The learned helplessness theory and the social learning theory were used to expound more on the gender-based violence.  Ten articles were reviewed using the content analysis method. The results revealed that lack of physical security, poverty, discriminatory social, cultural laws, norms and practices are some of the major causes of gender-based violence. Gender-based violence has effects such as homicide and suicide, injury and shock, disability and sleeping disorders, reproduction problems, emotional and psychological problems and social and economic problems such as increased gender inequalities. The study recommends the government should create facilities that help women experiencing Gender Based Violence such as counselling centers, funds that will help victims get rehabilitated. Government should invest in institutions like Police and the judiciary so that victims are assisted. The community should also establish community social structures such as community groups of both men and women provide a sensitization platform for people to share experiences related GBV and remedies so as to solicit support from fellow community members.","PeriodicalId":339038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gender Related Studies","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116837372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN KENYA","authors":"Esther Wambui","doi":"10.47941/jgrs.743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.743","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of the article is to assess women empowerment in the agricultural production in Kenya. The agricultural sector has a unique potential for empowering women and providing diverse opportunities. Almost 80% of the world’s food is produced on small-scale farms. However, in some country’s women farmers are the majority. In eastern Africa, over half of farmers are women. Women farmers are not only being held back because they are women, but they also faced the challenges felt by all small-scale farmers. For starters, they have less access to land, loans and machinery than men do. They also carry the famous “double-burden” of paid work and unpaid childcare/home labour. Growth in small-scale agriculture is two to four times more effective at reducing hunger and poverty than any other sector, and women farmers are playing a central role. Women’s empowerment is widely perceived to be a key factor in closing gender gaps in agricultural productivity. we find that having the power to make important decisions about agricultural production to be the most important driver of agricultural productivity. women’s empowerment impacts positively on agricultural productivity and suggests a great scope of possible interventions, ranging from financial inclusion mechanisms such as digital savings accounts, affordable mobile-money-based credit schemes and asset-building mechanisms, to programmes facilitating the formation of strong community associations for women. Women specific-training programs are needed to build women’s capacity to participate in organic and sustainable farming. Attention should be paid to achieving substantive women’s equality. A tickbox approach, for example in counting the percentage of women in a committee, or the number of female toilets, is not sufficient and can indeed disguise a lack of women’s agency. A positive and determined choice for women’s empowerment needs to be made.","PeriodicalId":339038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gender Related Studies","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132658927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE TODAY","authors":"Quinn Wanjiru","doi":"10.47941/jgrs.739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.739","url":null,"abstract":"This article assesses the role of women in agriculture today. Agriculture is an important engine of growth and poverty reduction. However, the sector is underperforming in many countries in part because women, who are often a crucial resource in agriculture and the rural economy, face limitations that reduce their productivity. This article draws on the available empirical evidence to study in which areas and to what degree women participate in agriculture. Aggregate data shows that women comprise about 43 percent of the agricultural labour force globally and in developing countries. But this figure masks considerable variation across regions and within countries according to age and social class. Time use surveys, which are more comprehensive but typically not nationally representative, add further insight into the substantial heterogeneity among countries and within countries in women’s contribution to agriculture. They show that female time-use in agriculture varies also by crop, production cycle, age and ethnic group. A few time-use surveys have data by activity and these show that in general weeding and harvesting were predominantly female activities. Overall, the labour burden of rural women exceeds that of men, and includes a higher proportion of unpaid household responsibilities related to preparing food and collecting fuel and water. The contribution of women to agricultural and food production is significant but it is impossible to verify empirically the share produced by women. Women’s participation in rural labour markets varies considerably across regions, but invariably women are over represented in unpaid, seasonal and part-time work, and the available evidence suggests that women are often paid less than men, for the same work. The analysis show that women play a crucial role in all farm-related activities from land preparation to marketing. They contribute a higher proportion of labor in agricultural sector than men. Available data on rural and agricultural feminization shows that this is not a general trend but mainly a sub-Saharan Africa phenomenon, as well as observed in some sectors such as unskilled labour in the fruit, vegetable and cut-flower export sector. This paper re-affirms that women make essential contributions to agriculture and rural enterprises across the developing world. But there is much diversity in women’s roles and over-generalization undermines policy relevance and planning. The context is important and policies must be based on sound data and gender analysis.","PeriodicalId":339038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gender Related Studies","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125035436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMPACT OF EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT","authors":"Teresiah W Kamau","doi":"10.47941/jgrs.736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.736","url":null,"abstract":"This study is an endeavour to examine the status of women and most importantly the impact of education and employment on women empowerment. In most countries, women in particular are still kept deprived of the facilities such as education and work/ employment, to be economically and educationally strong. Cross section, descriptive, and empirical study was done using survey technique method to gather information from the educated and employed. The result indicates that education and employment have high significant positive relationship with women empowerment in decision making, control over the resources and voice. Education helps women get employment and employment makes them financially independent and economically strong which then leads to their empowerment. When women are empowered, they reach out and empower other women. Research findings will definitely help the future researchers to understand influence of education and employment on women residing in developing countries to improve their ability to make strategic life choice to attain the capability desired for them and her family members, moreover the finding also provides a view on the status of women.","PeriodicalId":339038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gender Related Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130861515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antecedents and Consequences of Early Marriage in Damongo in the West Gonja District","authors":"Bokuro Afisha, M. Namale, Daniel K. Buku, Bernard Amoako Mensah","doi":"10.47941/JGRS.566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/JGRS.566","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore the antecedents and consequences of early marriage in Damongo in the West Gonja District in the Savanna Region of Ghana. \u0000Methodology: The interpretative phenomenological approach was adopted for the study. An interview guide was used to collect data from 10 women who have experienced early marriage. The snowball method was used to get the participants for the study. The recorded information was transcribed for the analysis. \u0000Findings: The study revealed that protection of the status of the family and poverty were the antecedents for early marriage. It was also found that lack of educated females and poverty were the consequences of early marriage. \u0000Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: It was recommended that District Assemblies should open up some loan opportunities for parents to access so that they expand their sources of income to meet their financial obligations rather than pushing their girls into early marriage for financial gains. \u0000Keywords: Adolescents, early marriage, divorce, dowry, wife battering, poverty.","PeriodicalId":339038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gender Related Studies","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115640670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Levels of Participation for Men and Women in Resolving Community Conflicts Using ADR Mechanisms in Kapsokwony Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya","authors":"B. Muthama, G. Ngare, L. Wanjama","doi":"10.47941/JGRS.504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/JGRS.504","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This article outlines the levels of participation of men and women in resolving community conflicts using Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms in Kapsokwony, Kenya. It highlights that ADR are currently considered participatory and inclusive processes to resolve community conflicts as they offer men and women a major stake in conflict resolution in society due to their roles and positions in society. Methodology: Findings across the globe confirm that when men and women equally participate in resolution of community conflicts there is increased likelihood of reaching an agreement and of the longevity of the agreement. This implies that for effective ADR, the participation of both men and women would be crucial. The study was based on a mixed research method whose methodology involved research survey, interview and Focus Group Discussions.  In consideration of the fact that gender equality is strongly advocated for in conflict resolution, the study sought to establish the situation in Kapsokwony. The study therefore sought to assess the levels of men’s and women’s participation in ADR mechanisms in Kapsokwony.Results: The study established that power was a factor that influenced the level of participation. Consequently, the level was simply established to be that of neutral/passive to a very high participation level of women participation in ADR mechanism. However, those that were participating at high levels in ADR were few and their power was invested in the office they held. Furthermore, the study established that in the Nyumba Kumi structure, women level of participation in conflict resolution was increasing from neutral/neutral to a higher level of participation where they fully participated in leading and influencing decisions on resolution of conflicts. This can be explained because the nature of the Nyumba Kumi structure allows for everyone to be actively involved in ensuring safety and welfare of the ten households’ members. Urban Thinkers Campus (2015) confirms that women are involved in ensuring safety in urban and rural settlements mainly through the Nyumba Kumi Initiative in which they are part of the leadership committee.  Unique contribution to theory, policy, and practice: Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms help in creating an environment that fosters development, peace, and social justice amongst other positive values amidst community conflicts. The United Nations (2007) Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People advocates for equal participation of men and women in the management of community conflicts. Participation of both men and women in ADR processes to resolve community conflicts in Kapsokwony Sub-county region is a field that studies have not adequately explored. This study hopes to contribute to existing literature on men’s and women’s participation in ADR for land disputes. The outcome of this study may be utilized to influence increased participation of women in ADR, within Kapsokwony Sub-c","PeriodicalId":339038,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gender Related Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129360339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}