PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Federalism, Intergovernmental Relations and Sustainable Diversification of Economy Policy in Nigeria: the Question of Local Autonomy","authors":"E. Osezua","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3924357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3924357","url":null,"abstract":"The linkage between local autonomy and national development has always been a recurring theme in political discourses in Nigeria. There is a growing consensus that attainment of social justice in Nigeria cannot but be anchored on the efficacy of a bottom-up input-driven and participatory approach to development planning and execution. By implication, a policy of diversification of the economy from an oil-dependent one will produce less than expected results if local governments are relegated in the overall scheme of the policy circle, especially in the implementation and evaluation processes. This study examined the vitality that autonomous local governments in Nigeria portend for a paradigm shift from a crude oil mono-economy to a more industrialized agriculture –business. The study utilized desk research and interviews with key informants to gather data. The study finds that the missing link to sustainable socio-economic development in Nigeria lies with assurances and strengthening of local autonomy.","PeriodicalId":337238,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115595106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viennese Late Enlightenment and the Early Socialist Calculation Debates: Rationalities and Their Limits","authors":"Alexander Linsbichler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3904011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3904011","url":null,"abstract":"Austrian economist Ludwig Mises’s central role in the socialist calculation debates has been consensually acknowledged since the early 1920s. Yet, only recently, Nemeth, O’Neill, Uebel, and others have drawn particular attention to Mises’s pertinent encounter with one of the most colorful characters of “Red Vienna”: logical empiricist and “skeptic utopist” Otto Neurath. Despite several surprising agreements, Neurath and Mises certainly provide different answers to the questions “what is meant by rational economic theory” (Neurath) and whether “socialism is the abolition of rational economy” (Mises). However, previous accounts and evaluations of the exchange between Neurath and Mises suffer from attaching little regard to highlighting their idiosyncratic uses of the term “rational”. The paper at hand reconstructs and critically compares the different conceptions of rationality defended by Neurath and Mises and suggests some consequent insights with respect to Viennese Late Enlightenment, contemporary rationality wars, the socialist calculation debates, and the foundations of welfare economics.","PeriodicalId":337238,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128708286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931: Salt Concession, Contradiction and Cancellation - Contravention of the Delhi Pact in Madras Presidency, 1931-1933","authors":"V. Venkatraman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3886912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3886912","url":null,"abstract":"The meeting between Lord Irwin and Gandhi revealed that the Dominion Status contemplated by Viceroy’s pronouncement was not up to the expectation of Gandhi. Hence the Lahore Congress of 1929 had authorized the Working Committee to launch a programme of Civil Disobedience. Gandhi put forth the programme to be observed by the people on 26th January 1930 as Purna Swaraj Day which was approved by the Congress Working Committee. On 15th February 1930, the Congress Working Committee meeting held at Ahmadabad authorized Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement at time and place of his choice. The Civil Disobedience began on the issue of Salt Tax. On 12th March he began his march to Dandhi with a band of devoted Satyagrahi’s to breach the Salt Law. In Madras Presidency, C.Rajagopalachari, the President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee drew up a plan for the Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Province on the Gandhian model. He selected 100 Satyagrahis from all over Tamil region and started the march from Trichirapalli to Vedaranyam beach on 13th April 1930. He was arrested and imprisoned in Bellary jail on 30th April 1930.","PeriodicalId":337238,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128052330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adam Smith vs. Karl Marx: Competing Ideologies and Their Lasting Effect on Global Economics","authors":"A. Opeoluwa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3917933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3917933","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how the competing ideological belief systems of Adam Smith and Karl Marx have affected economic governance, conduct businesses, and transactions today. This paper adopts a comparative approach to assess the strength and weakness of the ideologies of both philosophers while highlighting the ideological difference of both philosophers that contributes to their relevance today. The discourse concluded that one critical defect of the Marxist ideology by interpretation is that it advocates for a system that ignores incentives—capitalism. On the other hand, Smith’s ideology by interpretation is successful because it does not ignore incentives. The capitalist system was considered preferable following the inability of the socialist system to curtail autocracy and misery and provide reciprocating rewards for productivity.","PeriodicalId":337238,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128936181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Theoretical Socio-Economic Investigation into the Nature of Power in Money","authors":"Hans DG Hyun","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3825983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3825983","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to contribute to the ongoing discussions on the nature of money by introducing systematic analysis to relate power to money. It proposes an Ideal Type to explain the critical role of power relations for the genesis and operation of money and monetary order. It is based on the insights from classical thinkers (Weber, Durkheim, Mauss, Simmel and Laum) on the one hand and modern discourses on power by Lukes and the French Institutional School on the other. It concludes with a definition of money from a power perspective.","PeriodicalId":337238,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115246293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wikipedia’s (Infogalactic) September, 2020 Discussion of Keynes’s a Treatise on Probability Doesn’t Make Any Sense One Hundred Years After the Book Was Published in February, 1921","authors":"M. E. Brady","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3704438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3704438","url":null,"abstract":"It has been one hundred years since Keynes published his A Treatise on Probability (Parts I-V). After 100 years, there are still no academic philosophers, psychologists, historians, economists, sociologists or political scientists who have any idea about the following topics covered by Keynes- <br><br>• Keynes’s clearly defined connection between his objective logical probability relations and objective logical similarity relations, which form the foundation for cognitive science and psychology, on pp.35-36 of Part I (chapter III) <br><br>• Keynes’s initial specification of the evidential weight of the argument in Part I (chapter 6) which Keynes finished in Part IV (chapter 26) <br><br>• Keynes’s interval valued and non additive approach to probability (Part II, chapters 10-17) based on Boole’s upper -lower probabilities approach specified in his The Laws of Thought (1954, pp. 265-269) <br><br>• Keynes’s finite probabilities of Part III using a modified version of Boole’s Problem X <br><br>• Keynes’s use of decision weights to explicitly modify additive probability, transforming additive probability into non (sub) additive conventional coefficients of weight and risk, c, in Part IV <br><br>• Keynes’s use of Chebyshev’s Inequality to establish lower bounds for a safety first approach in Part V<br><br>What academics appear to have been focusing on this last 100 years are two extremely poorly written reviews of Keynes’s work by F.Ramsey when he was 18 and 22 years old, respectively. NONE of the six bullet points were covered by Ramsey, who apparently never read the book he claimed to be reviewing, in his reviews.","PeriodicalId":337238,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132627436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Neglected Potential of Rothbard’s Preface to Theory and History as an Introductory Text on Austrian Methodology","authors":"G. Pickering","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3648130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3648130","url":null,"abstract":"Given the breadth of the ideas of the Austrian School of Economics and the numerous lengthy treatises across which those ideas are scattered, it is difficult to recommend an introductory text that conveys its definingcharacteristics. However, in this regard, Murray N. Rothbard’s rarely discussed Preface to Ludwig von Mises’s book Theory and History possesses considerable untapped potential. The Preface’s merits as an introductory reading stem not only from its persuasive summary of the praxeological method and the core arguments in its favor, amongst other distinguishing characteristics of the Austrian School, but also from its brevity and Rothbard’s stilistic clarity, which make it incredibly accessible to newcomers to Austrian ideas.","PeriodicalId":337238,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129960532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Didn’t P. Oslington’s Invisible Hand (the ‘Providential Hand of God’) Prevent the Destruction of the Scottish Macro Economy by the Projectors, Imprudent Risk Takers, and Prodigals in 1772 after the Ayr Bank Collapse?","authors":"M. E. Brady","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3491066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3491066","url":null,"abstract":"P. Oslington’s (2012) Invisible Hand (the ”providential hand of God”) is viewed by him as the providential hand of God, who is watching over the macro economy of Scotland to make sure that nothing evil befalls the Scottish economy. The problem is that Oslington is completely oblivious to the collapse of the Ayr bank in 1772, which resulted from massive financial speculation in land engaged in by British East India Company connected borrowers whose bubble collapsed in 1772, ushering in a four year depression in Scotland and a worldwide recession.<br><br>Oslington never mentions the national and international, coercive economic power of the British East India Company, which dominated the English economy for well over 200 years. Oslington never mentions Smith’s great concerns about the very negative economic impacts on society as a whole of the prodigals, imprudent risk takers, and projectors that Smith discussed extensively on pages 279-341 of the Modern Library (Canaan) edition of the Wealth of Nations with the foreword of Max Lerner. <br><br>Oslington never mentions the Ayr bank collapse, a direct result of extensive land speculation by British East India Company borrowers, which resulted in the collapse of the Scottish economy from 1772-1776. <br><br>G. Kennedy made it quite clear that it is simply impossible for any type of “Invisible Hand” to be operating to maximize economy wide benefits for all in the face of such groups of upper income class citizens, such as the prodigals, imprudent risk takers, and projectors, unless their economic activities are heavily constrained or suppressed by government action by a government that is independent of entities such as the British East India Company. <br><br>The idea of an Invisible Hand is a necessary condition for the acceptance of Laissez Faire. Nowhere in the Wealth of Nations (WN;1776) is there a single mention of “laissez faire”, a concept Smith was well aware of from his interactions with the French Physiocrats in the 1760’s. The reason why there is no mention of laissez faire is because Smith rejected completely any kind of metaphysical, as opposed to metaphorical, view of a Invisible hand as some kind of Wizard of Oz.<br><br><br><br><br>","PeriodicalId":337238,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)","volume":"171 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114099535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critique of Socialism and Marxism","authors":"H. Kyambalesa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3463337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3463337","url":null,"abstract":"Essentially, the term “socialism” refers to an economic and political ideology attributed to Karl Marx, a German academic and philosopher, whose premise is for state ownership of non-human means or factors of production and distribution, and centralized planning and control of economic activities, particularly activities in key and strategic commercial and industrial sectors of a country’s economy. \u0000 \u0000The means or factors of production and distribution alluded to include land and the various forms of capital, such as raw materials, financial assets and institutions, manufacturing facilities, assembly plants, machinery and equipment, transportation facilities, service centers, and retail outlets. \u0000 \u0000In socialist countries, therefore, some elements of private ownership of the means or factors of production and distribution are permissible, particularly in non-strategic commercial and industrial sectors of a country’s economy. \u0000 \u0000“Socialism,” as envisioned by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is encapsulated by the following Principle: “From each according to his [or her] ability to each according to his [or her] contribution.” A worker’s “ability” could be measured or determined in terms of his or her age, skills, experience, educational attainments, physical attributes, and the total number of hours worked. \u0000 \u0000With respect to a worker’s “contribution,” each and every worker in a socialist society would be expected to have access to benefits and compensation according to the level of difficulty of his or her job, the number of hours he or she would have worked, and any other measurable performance-related aspects of his or her work—generally similar to the calculation of compensation or rewards under capitalism. \u0000 \u0000“Marxism,” like “socialism,” refers to a political and economic ideology based on the writings of Karl Marx, whose premise is the creation of a communist state or the adoption of the ideology of “communism” by abandoning capitalism and establishing a socialist state as a transitory phase. \u0000 \u0000Communist ideology is encapsulated by the following Principle: “From each according to his [or her] ability to each according to his [or her] needs.” According to Karl Marx (1875), the establishment of a communist society would guarantee the generation of enough goods and services to meet the needs of each and every member of society. \u0000 \u0000In this regard, a worker’s “ability” could be measured or deter-mined in terms of his or her age, skills, experience, educational attainments, physical attributes, and the total number of hours worked, while his or her “needs” could include food, housing, clothing, healthcare, and transportation—no provision for “wants,” “luxuries” or anything else beyond what would be prescribed by the government. \u0000 \u0000In the remainder of this article, let us consider the following themes: \u0000 \u0000(a) Rigid and unrealistic stratification of society by Karl ‘Charles’ Marx and Friedrich ‘Frederick’ Engels; \u0000 \u0000(b) Agitation for the abolition of","PeriodicalId":337238,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124648342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piero Sraffa and the Project to Publish Saint-Simon’s Works","authors":"M. Bellet, Adrien Lutz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3312188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3312188","url":null,"abstract":"There are three slogans in the history of Socialism that are very close in wording, namely, the famous Cabet-Blanc-Marx slogan: From each according to his ability; To each according to his needs; the earlier Saint-Simon–Pecqueur slogan: To each according to his ability; To each according to his works; and the later slogan in Stalin’s 1936 Soviet Constitution: From each according to his ability; To each according to his work. We trace the earliest occurrences of these slogans and their biblical sources and we show how the progression from one slogan to the next casts light on the development of early socialist thought.","PeriodicalId":337238,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Sciences (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127779222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}