{"title":"Systolic evaluation of functions: Digit-level algorithm and realization","authors":"S. Johansen","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.1993.397171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1993.397171","url":null,"abstract":"The author presents a novel algorithm for the evaluation of functions. The algorithm is systolic and may be realized as a fully scalable and very regular design consisting of merely full-adders and registers. The algorithm evaluates a polynomial according to the Horner scheme, i.e., it performs a cascade of multiply-and-add operations. Data are represented as two's complement fixed-point numbers that enters/leaves the operations in a skewed least-significant-digit-first manner making normalization needless. A set of coefficients of the Horner expansion for a small number of functions may be stored in tables and selected systolically digit-by-digit such that the evaluation of different functions may be interleaved. Similarly, a specific rounding-mode may be specified for each operand/function pair, enabling the algorithm to be used for the function evaluation of intervals. The algorithm may be folded and generalized for any radix such that designers may derive their own speed/area ratio in order to fit specific applications. Since the critical path is limited by the latency of a buffered one-digit multiply-and-add operation the algorithm offers a high throughput rate. The author supports this with estimates of the area and the delay for various radices in standard realization.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":337209,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123051974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An optimal algo-tech-cuit for the knapsack problem","authors":"R. Andonov, S. Rajopadhye","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.1993.397174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1993.397174","url":null,"abstract":"The authors first present a formal derivation and proof of correctness of a systolic array for the knapsack problem, an NP-complete problem whose dependency graph is not completely known statically. With q PEs, each with a fixed size memory, the arraystretch runs in /spl Gamma/(mc/q), which gives optimal speedup of the algorithm. However, it has an intricate tag-based control mechanism which is difficult to implement, and the authors improve the architecture so that the control can be implemented with two simple counters and a few flip-flops. Cofficient loading is done with a multi-rate clock which avoids the need for shadow registers. The authors then explore the tradeoff between the number of PEs and memory size, /spl alpha/, using the expected running time of the algorithm as a cost measure and a register level model of VLSI. It is shown analytically how /spl alpha/ may be chosen to optimize the total computation time, yielding an area time optimal circuit.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":337209,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115069771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Node merging: A transformation on bit-level dependence graphs for efficient VLSI array design","authors":"Bongjin Jung, W. Burleson","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.1993.397165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1993.397165","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present a transformation technique, called node merging, on bit-level dependence graphs to systematically explore tradeoffs between area and various system performances, such as clock period, pipelining period, block pipelining period, computation time, and dynamic power dissipation to obtain optimal VLSI array processors for bit-level regular algorithms. By merging several DG nodes into one node, multi-bit level array processors can be designed using formal regular array synthesis methods thereby significantly reducing the number of pipelining registers required compared to bit-pipelined array processors. In general, delay paths within a node in bit-level dependence graphs are unbalanced, and the clock period is determined by the critical path delay. By merging nodes along noncritical paths, the authors improve computation time as well as VLSI area with a relatively small increase in clock period and pipelining period. They also expand the complexity of node functions enough to apply a meaningful logic optimization or performance enhancement using well-known logic synthesis tools such as SIS for even further improvement. Since the transformation results in a new DG, it can be easily combined with conventional VLSI array synthesis techniques for efficient bit-level array processor design. Therefore, the method provides an efficient way to explore a significantly broader design space in VLSI array processor design.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":337209,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126898236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Danese, I. Lotto, D. Dotti, D. Lanterna, F. Leporati, R. Lombardi, S. Romano
{"title":"Mapping Monte Carlo-Metropolis algorithm onto a double ring architecture","authors":"G. Danese, I. Lotto, D. Dotti, D. Lanterna, F. Leporati, R. Lombardi, S. Romano","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.1993.397143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1993.397143","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematical models are frequently used to evaluate the physical properties of matter; they involve intensive computation: processing times and loan costs soar, using general purpose computers. Remarkable improvements are promised by special purpose architectures, in particular for the parallel execution of the most time consuming routines; the Monte Carlo-Metropolis method has been examined, and parallelization approaches have been identified. A double ring architecture of processing elements (PE) has been conceived, which optimizes efficiency, yet saves the algorithm principles. A network of 16 purposely built PEs has been assembled, and modeling programs have been run on it. The main architectural choices, both for hardware and software are described; they refer to the computing system and to each PE as well; preliminary results are also given.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":337209,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114030111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconfigurable hardware for molecular biology computing systems","authors":"E. Lemoine","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.1993.397141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1993.397141","url":null,"abstract":"The authors explore the scope of possibilities of the implementation of molecular biology algorithms on a reconfigurable hardware based architecture. In order to demonstrate both the flexibility and power of reconfigurable hardware, two algorithms have been implemented on an architecture constituted by 23 FPGAs (Xilinx XC3090) and 4MB of SRAM. These two algorithms have been chosen because of their biological relevance. One is a classical dynamic programming algorithm that is implemented as a monodimensional systolic array. The other, as described in this paper, is based on pattern detection in long sequences of letters. This algorithm has been implemented as a rapid content addressable memory. It is important to stress the fact that these performances are achieved thanks to the use of the entire possibilities of reconfigurability. This enables one to exploit to the full each level of parallelism of the algorithm. The concept of reconfigurable hardware perfectly suits the needs of molecular biology. The performances demonstrated in this paper are several magnitude orders greater than a 40 MIPS workstation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":337209,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124314959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Bhagavathi, V. Bokka, H. Gurla, S. Olariu, J. Schwing, I. Stojmenovic, Jingyuan Zhang
{"title":"Time-optimal visibility-related algorithms on meshes with multiple broadcasting","authors":"D. Bhagavathi, V. Bokka, H. Gurla, S. Olariu, J. Schwing, I. Stojmenovic, Jingyuan Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.1993.397147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1993.397147","url":null,"abstract":"The compaction step of integrated circuit design motivates the study of various visibility problems among vertical segments in the plane. One popular variant is referred to as the Vertical Segment Visibility problem (VSV, for short) and is stated as follows. Given a collection S of n disjoint vertical line segments in the plane, for every endpoint of a segment in S determine the first line segment, if any, interacted by a horizontal ray to the right (resp. left) originating from that endpoint. The contribution of this paper is to propose a time-optimal algorithm for the VSP problem on meshes with multiple broadcasting. The authors then use this algorithm to derive time-optimal solutions for two related problems. All the algorithms run in O(log n) time on a mesh with multiple broadcasting of size n /spl times/ n. This is the first instance of time-optimal solutions for these problems known to us.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":337209,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115796244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficient architecture of a programmable block matching processor","authors":"L. Vos, M. Schöbinger","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.1993.397175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1993.397175","url":null,"abstract":"An efficient VLSI architecture of a programmable block matching processor for the emulation of a wide spectrum of full search and reduced complexity search block matching algorithms is presented. Optimized efficiency is obtained by using a quadratic systolic array architecture with global accumulation, combined with a programmable meander-like data flow. Flexibility is further increased by cascadability and the possibility of parallel operation of several processors. The efficiency of the architecture is illustrated by comparison with corresponding application specific VLSI architectures for several block matching algorithms.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":337209,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133133219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A CAD tool for electromagnetic simulation on the associative string processor","authors":"Darren Patrick Rodohan, S. Saunders","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.1993.397177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1993.397177","url":null,"abstract":"The associative string processor (ASP) is a scalable fine grained SIMD architecture, optimized for image processing tasks. In this paper the authors describe a new application for this available architecture. The finite different time domain (FDTD) method is a technique used to solve electromagnetic boundary value problems. The technique produces results in the time domain which can then be post-processed using Fourier transform techniques to obtain the steady state frequency response. In order to obtain high frequency responses a large number of time steps must be used which requires a large amount of computational effort. The excessive execution time required when using sequential computing architectures has precluded its use as part of an iterative design flow until now. On an example problem the execution time on the ASP, with a 20 MHz clock frequency, was found to be 25 minutes, compared with the 12 hours required for a VAXstation 3500 implementation. Moreover, the execution time rises only slowly with the problem size and the mapping technique is not problem dependent.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":337209,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128945627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An efficient algorithm for image-template product on SIMD mesh connected computers","authors":"Hongchi Shi, G. Ritter, Joseph N. Wilson","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.1993.397149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1993.397149","url":null,"abstract":"Convolutions and correlations are fundamental operations in computer vision and image processing. The image-template product expresses convolutions and correlations. In this paper, the authors present an efficient algorithm for the image-template product on SIMD mesh connected computers. The image-template product is computed along disjoint convolution paths of the template. For an M /spl times/ N image and a template of T elements, the simple algorithm for the image-template product on an M /spl times/ N mesh connected computer takes O(T) time and requires O(1) local memory per processing element. Compared with the previously proposed algorithms, the algorithm works for both invariant and variant templates without any restrictions on the template shapes. Furthermore, it does not broadcast template weights and does not have partial result movement.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":337209,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93)","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131071795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digit systolic algorithms for fine-grain architectures","authors":"Chetana N. Keltcher, R. Owens, M. J. Irwin","doi":"10.1109/ASAP.1993.397167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1993.397167","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the authors present a novel scheme for performing arithmetic efficiently on fine-grain programmable architectures and FPGA-based systems. They achieve an O(n) speedup over the bit-serial methods of existing fine-grain systems such as the DAP, the MPP and the CM2, within the constraints of regular, near neighbor communication and only a small amount of on-chip memory. This is possible by means of digit systolic algorithms which avoid broadcast and operate in a fully systolic manner at the digit level. They use digit online techniques coupled with a base 4, signed-digit number system to limit carry propagation. Although the algorithms are bit-serial, the authors are able to match the performance of the bit-parallel methods, while retaining low communication complexity. Efficient O(n) time algorithms for multiplication and division of fixed-point, variable precision numbers are given. By using the organization of logic blocks suggested in this paper, problems of placement and routing that exist in systems built using FPGAs can be avoided. Since the algorithms are amenable to pipelining, very high throughput can be obtained.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":337209,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93)","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126286121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}