The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security最新文献

Global Trade and Cybersecurity 全球贸易与网络安全

The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.32

Franz-Stefan Gady, Greg Austin

{"title":"Global Trade and Cybersecurity","authors":"Franz-Stefan Gady, Greg Austin","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.32","url":null,"abstract":"Trade in information and communications technologies (ICTs) is a new currency of international power. On the one hand, this commerce boosts national prosperity and the global economy. On the other hand, it puts capabilities for harm into the hands of potential malicious actors or political adversaries. States are scrambling to introduce new security control mechanisms through a variety of laws, regulations, and policies. These practices will have mixed results, not least because some of the more threatening elements of the trade relate to software products and even the results of basic scientific research that cannot be tracked as easily as physical goods. Enforcement of trade restrictions in this area will remain problematic. Even so, states are looking to undertake economic sanctions in this area to retaliate for the malicious behaviour in cyberspace of other states (or of criminals operating with impunity from the territory of other states). The corporate sector has emerged as an independent actor in these interstate controversies, and they have been joined by scientists and civil society activists, all pressing for a more liberal and open approach. While the unilateralist trend seems to have the upper hand for now, common interests and the imperatives of trade may force new collaborative behaviours among states.","PeriodicalId":336846,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121261340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cybersecurity Information Sharing 网络安全信息共享

The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.55

Stuart Murdoch

{"title":"Cybersecurity Information Sharing","authors":"Stuart Murdoch","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.55","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the impact on cyber security of a shift from voluntary coordination to mandatory incident reporting. It traces the efforts to organize collaboration for cyber security incident response back to its voluntary beginnings with the establishment of CERT/CC by DARPA in response to the Morris Worm in 1988, via the establishment of ISACs then ISAOs under successive US presidents, to the CiSP in the UK following the London 2012 Olympics. Recognizing efforts to standardize and automate information sharing, the discussion touches on how information sharing has come to form the basis of national cyber strategies, forming a foundational element of internationally recognized maturity models for those strategies, and it goes on to consider the increasing move towards more mandatory incident reporting, especially in Critical National Infrastructure sectors across the globe, from the Defence Industrial Base in the United States to the NISD throughout the European Union. It considers the impact of mandating reporting on levels of collaboration overall, concluding that regulators must be careful not to create sector-specific silos or undermine existing levels of voluntary sharing through their enforcement of such mandatory schemes.","PeriodicalId":336846,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130465876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

The Deterrence and Prevention of Cyber Conflict 网络冲突的威慑和预防

The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.16

P. Cornish

{"title":"The Deterrence and Prevention of Cyber Conflict","authors":"P. Cornish","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"For all its apparent complexity, deterrence is built upon a relatively straightforward premise: that fear of adverse consequences can serve to prevent unacceptable behaviour. In traditional deterrence theory, particularly that which matured during the Cold War, prevention could be achieved both by fear of punishment and by fear of failure: by punitive measures that would be undertaken in response to a transgression and intended to inflict some pain, damage, or loss upon the transgressor; or by a denial posture intended to impress upon an adversary that the complexities of the defences will be technologically insurmountable and/or the costs of doing so unbearably high. Fresh thinking is required to make deterrence relevant to the cyber era. The challenges of cyber warfare are described here as the ‘four zeros’: ‘zero day’ vulnerability to novel malware; ‘zero source’ or non-attribution of an attack; ‘zero effect’ or covert, non-detectable attack; and ‘zero intent’ or lack of clarity as to an adversary’s intentions. These challenges can be met by allowing deterrence to function in different ways as circumstances allow or require: punitive, constructive, and protective deterrence.","PeriodicalId":336846,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125902738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cybercrime: Thieves, Swindlers, Bandits, and Privateers in Cyberspace 网络犯罪:网络空间中的小偷、骗子、强盗和私掠者

The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.5

R. Broadhurst

引用次数: 0

The Russian Federation’s Approach to Cybersecurity 俄罗斯联邦对网络安全的态度

The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.44

Anton Shingarev, Anastasiya Kazakova

引用次数: 0

International Law for Cyberspace 网络空间国际法

The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.37

T. Wingfield, Harry Wingo

{"title":"International Law for Cyberspace","authors":"T. Wingfield, Harry Wingo","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.37","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the role of international law in cyberspace and in addressing the legality of cyber-related actions taken by countries, companies, associations, and citizens on the world stage. Cyberspace has been described as a new ‘domain’ that is radically different from the land and sea upon which international law developed, but such law either covers or is evolving to cover issues that have been under development for hundreds of years. Such coverage includes the international law principles of sovereignty, due diligence, jurisdiction, and state responsibility. International law also covers numerous specialized regimes: human rights, diplomatic and consular law, law of the sea, air law, space law, and international telecommunications law. Another developing area of international law and cyberspace concerns international peace and security with respect to cyber activities, but those issues lead right up to the threshold of conflict. The once theoretical and purely academic literature of cybercrime, cyber espionage, and, especially, cyberwar must now be applied to real-world cases, and law and policy for the future of cybersecurity must be formulated with an understanding of these broadly accepted international norms.","PeriodicalId":336846,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115594073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intentions and Cyberterrorism 意图与网络恐怖主义

The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.10

Florian J. Egloff

引用次数: 0

Conclusion 结论

The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.51

P. Cornish

{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"P. Cornish","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.51","url":null,"abstract":"Cyberspace offers immense benefits and opportunities as well as considerable threats and hazards. It is routinely exploited by a variety of adversaries, aggressors, and predators: hostile states; political extremists and terrorists; businesses practising commercial espionage and theft; individuals and criminal organizations undertaking financial fraud and trafficking in people, armaments, and narcotics; and individual so-called ‘nuisance’ hackers. The efficient and effective response to these threats and hazards is what cybersecurity is all about. The idea that cybersecurity could also have a larger, more comprehensive, and progressive goal might seem to some to be fanciful: an unrealistic and other-worldly response to the very real possibility of encountering substantial harm in and from cyberspace. Yet, the threat/response dynamic, compelling though it is, is surely not all there is to say about cybersecurity: it should be possible for cybersecurity to have a larger goal than the endless pursuit of (defensive) advantage over an adversary. If cyberspace can be valued as much as feared, then the broader purpose of cybersecurity could be not only to disable threats as they arise but also to enable the positive opportunities offered by the information revolution. Cybersecurity must also address the ordering (i.e. safety, security, and governance) of nothing less than a global digital ecosystem that is taking shape rapidly and beneficially, at every level and in every field of human activity. It is both possible and necessary to combine both perspectives—protection from and progress towards—in one account, as this Handbook of Cybersecurity has shown.","PeriodicalId":336846,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125309984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Opportunity, Threat, and Dependency in the Social Infosphere 社会信息圈中的机会、威胁和依赖

The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.2

Greg Austin

引用次数: 0

Cybersecurity, Global Commerce, and International Organizations 网络安全，全球商业和国际组织

The Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198800682.013.31

D. Fidler

引用次数: 0