I. D. S. Silva, A. Maclean, D. Mayer, P. Hardiman, G. Lieberman, J. Nieto, M. Parsons, K. Rolfe, J. Ginsburg
{"title":"Does ovarian stimulation increase the risk of ovarian cancer","authors":"I. D. S. Silva, A. Maclean, D. Mayer, P. Hardiman, G. Lieberman, J. Nieto, M. Parsons, K. Rolfe, J. Ginsburg","doi":"10.1017/S0962279903001017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962279903001017","url":null,"abstract":"A pooled analysis of data from 12 US case–control studies conducted by the Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group and including 2197 cases of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer showed no overall association between physician-diagnosed female infertility and ovarian cancer. 15 , 23 Three of the studies included in this pooled analysis collected information on use of fertility drugs. Infertile women who had used fertility treatment were at an increased risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (relative risk (RR) = 2.8 ; 95% CI = 1.3, 6.1), and of borderline ovarian tumours (RR = 4.0 ; 95% CI = 1.1, 13.9) compared to women without a history of infertility. The risk for the smaller subgroup who never got pregnant was 27 times (95% CI = 2.3, 315.6) that of nulligravid women who did not report infertility, whereas the risk for those who took drugs but did achieve a pregnancy was not raised. The results generated a great deal of interest because of the potentially serious implications for the rapidly expanding assisted conception programmes throughout the world. 40 , 41 Several possible explanations could account for the association between failed infertility treatment and ovarian cancer. As with all case–control studies, there is a possibility that recall bias might have led to an overestimation of the magnitude of these associations. 42 Even if the observed association between infertility treatment and ovarian cancer risk were real, women may have taken drugs for longer periods and in greater doses because they had a certain type of infertility that predisposed them a priori to both infertility and ovarian cancer. This latter possibility","PeriodicalId":329551,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Review","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131984451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PRESERVATION OF REPRODUCTIVE OPTIONS IN ONCOLOGY PATIENTS","authors":"B. Kolb","doi":"10.1017/S0962279903001029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962279903001029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":329551,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Review","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126158894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human embryonic stem cells: prototypical pluripotential progenitors","authors":"R. Mollard, Broch J Conley, A. Trounson","doi":"10.1017/S0962279902000340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962279902000340","url":null,"abstract":"Embryonic stem (ES) cells are a primitive cell type derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the developing embryo. When cultured for extended periods, ES cells maintain a high telomerase activity, normal karyotype and the pluripotential developmental capacity of their ICM derivatives. Such capacity is best demonstrated by mouse ES cells which can contribute to all tissues of the developing embryo following either their injection into host blastocysts or tetraploid embryo complimentation (for a review see Robertson). For both practical and ethical reasons it is not possible to inject human ES cells into blastocysts for the development of a term fetus. However, when injected beneath the testicular capsule of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, human ES cells form teratomas comprising tissue representatives of all three embryonic germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) thus attesting to their pluripotency. Based upon morphological criteria, neuronal, cardiac, bone, squamous epithelium, skeletal muscle, gut and respiratory epithelia are readily identifiable within the human ES-cell-derived teratomas. With the demonstrated capability to isolate and maintain pluripotent human ES cells in vitro , their ability to give rise to tissue representatives of all three embryonic germ layers and the technical advances made possible by research on mouse ES cells, a rapid increase in human ES cell research aimed at drug discovery and human cell and gene therapies has occurred. Indeed in the mouse, dissociated embryoid bodies (EBs) have already been demonstrated capable of repopulating the haematopoietic system of recipient animals (for a review see Keller) and mouse ES cells are currently being used in attempts to repair mouse neural degenerative lesions.","PeriodicalId":329551,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Review","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133924544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estrogen receptor subtypes in the female reproductive tract","authors":"P. Saunders, H. Critchley","doi":"10.1017/S0962279902000315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962279902000315","url":null,"abstract":"Estrogens are essential regulators of female fertility. Estrogen biosynthesis is dependent upon expression of the cytochrome P450 aromatase, the highest levels of expression of which are detected in the human placenta and the granulosa cells of the mature ovarian follicle. Consistent with this pattern of expression, in non-pregnant premenopausal women, the ovaries have been shown to be the primary source of estradiol. In recent years there has also been an increased interest in the role(s) played by estrogens in regulation of adipose tissue, the vasculature and bone and as paracrine regulators of tissue function in postmenopausal women. In the premenopausal years the uterus is a target for estrogen and the cyclical event of menstruation is a consequence of the sequential exposure of the endometrium to estrogen and progesterone (reviewed in references 5 and 6). Endometrial breakdown occurs as a consequence of progesterone withdrawal with the demise of the corpus luteum (CL) in the absence of pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":329551,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Review","volume":"76 9-10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114010629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recurrent miscarriage – a critical appraisal","authors":"R. Rai","doi":"10.1017/S0962279902000327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962279902000327","url":null,"abstract":"Only 50% of all conceptions result in a live birth (Figure 1). Human reproduction can therefore be viewed as being remarkably inefficient. However, the diametrically opposite opinion that it is in fact a very efficient and selective process, designed to optimize the outcome of pregnancy, deserves to be stated. Between 65% and 90% of clinically recognized miscarriages are due to chromosome abnormalities, the occurrence of which is more closely related to basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels rather than to maternal age alone. In contrast to women suffering a sporadic miscarriage, women who recurrently miscarry often, but not exclusively, lose pregnancies with a normal chromosome content. Using a combination of conventional Geimsa banding and the recently introduced technique of comparative genomic hybridization it has been reported that 54% of pregnancy losses amongst women with recurrent miscarriage are euploid. The challenge we face is to identify the causes of pregnancy loss amongst those couples who recurrently lose such euploid conceptions. Whilst many conventionally held beliefs as to the aetiology and treatment of women with recurrent miscarriage have not withstood critical scrutiny, significant progress has been made. This progress is the subject of this review, which will also highlight potential areas of future research.","PeriodicalId":329551,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Review","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131032752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmental chemical effects on testicular function","authors":"I. Lee, L. Russell","doi":"10.1017/S0962279902000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962279902000212","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few decades, the increasing use and production of chemicals in agriculture, industry and medicine have greatly benefited quality of health and as a consequence, have extended longevity of man. Thousands of new compounds are used to control infections, pests and parasites and to manufacture goods. However, some compounds may be more detrimental than beneficial to health. The advent of new chemicals and their potential toxic effects has become a major health concern. In particular, there has been increasing concern that environmental chemicals may cause germ cell damage, infertility, fetal malformation, and heritable genetic diseases. Indeed, the evidence for chemically induced germ cell damage and infertility appears to be on the increase, especially in man. For example, in the United States approximately 6 954000 couples are involuntarily infertile, 3 000 000 of which have at least one partner who is sterile (Mosher, 1980, Placek and Cynamon, 1980). In addition, many contend that average sperm count of population with fewer than 25 million/ml varied from 20 to 30% (MacLeod and Wang, 1979; Dougherty et al., 1981).","PeriodicalId":329551,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Review","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116126235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radiological assessment of male erectile dysfunction and subfertility","authors":"Rwa Jones, J. Kabala, J. Gingell, R. Persad","doi":"10.1017/S0962279902000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962279902000224","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in the investigation of male erectile dysfunction and male factor infertility has risen in recent years, due in part to the increased sophistication and high profile of new treatments associated with these conditions. The assessment and management of men presenting with erectile or fertility problems are usually achieved by collaboration between urology and other specialties. A radiologist is often a vital member of this multidisciplinary team. This article will review the imaging modalities currently available and discuss their current role in the investigation of these two key areas of andrology.","PeriodicalId":329551,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Review","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114704495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Malignancies of the female genital tract in childhood and adolescence.","authors":"E. Brockbank, T. Ind","doi":"10.1017/S0962279902000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962279902000248","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":329551,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124684419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prolactin action and signalling in the human endometrium","authors":"H. Jabbour, O. Gubbay, H. Critchley","doi":"10.1017/S0962279902000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962279902000236","url":null,"abstract":"Prolactin is a pleiotrophic hormone that is associated with over 300 biological functions. These functions can be broadly classified into growth and development, immune regulation, metabolism, behaviour and reproduction. The human prolactin gene is located on chromosome 6 and is composed of 6 exons. The gene is approximately 10 kilobases (kb) long whereas the mature prolactin mRNA is about 1 kb in length. Prolactin is encoded by 199 amino acids and the protein is approximately 23 kDa in size. Sequence analysis revealed that prolactin is 40% homologous to growth hormone and placental lactogen. These three proteins are thought to have arisen by duplication of an ancestral gene 400 million years ago. The high sequence homology of these proteins enables prolactin, human growth hormone and placental lactogens to bind the prolactin receptor and activate prolactin intracellular signalling pathways.","PeriodicalId":329551,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Review","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132499202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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