{"title":"Biomethane as Transport Fuel","authors":"M. Rogulska, P. Bukrejewski, E. Krasuska","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75173","url":null,"abstract":"In the European Union (EU), the demand for energy in transport is growing, and at the same time, transport is almost entirely dependent on oil and is responsible for more than 30% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Europe. Biomethane is one of promising options for sustainable mobility. Technical requirements applied for biomethane in transport in both countries and at the EU level are presented as well as short overview of the main upgrading technologies. Sweden and Germany may serve as examples of effective implementation of biomethane in transport sector; however, it is done in different ways (Sweden (non-grid transport use) and Germany (mainly via injection to gas grid)). Their experience can be useful for countries starting development of biomethane production and use, e.g., Poland.","PeriodicalId":329263,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels - State of Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129079763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Syngas Production Using Natural Gas from the Environmental Point of View","authors":"K. Roseno, R. Alves, ReinaldoGiudici, M. Schmal","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74605","url":null,"abstract":"The search for clean and low-cost fuels as alternative for petroleum is a popular research focus in the energy field. The demand of natural gas as an energy source has increased steadily. The high H:C ratio and the absence of heteroatoms make natural gas an attractive feedstock for synthetic fuels and chemicals that can replace those that are typically petroleum-derived. The search for efficient routes to convert methane to other higher added-value products is a challenge for the scientific community. In addition, new fields of oil and gas contain associated CO 2 (8 – 18%), and, in some specific fields, the associated gas encloses a higher CO 2 content (79%). In this context, the tri-reforming process combines two of the most problematic greenhouse gases (CH 4 and CO 2 ) to generate syngas for the synthesis of clean liquid fuels and valuable chemicals. Developments in tri-reforming processes, which include the new catalysts, are presented in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":329263,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels - State of Development","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128148441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. A. Oliveira, R. M. Baesso, Gabriel C. Moraes, A. Alvarenga, R. Costa-Felix
{"title":"Ultrasound Methods for Biodiesel Production and Analysis","authors":"P. A. Oliveira, R. M. Baesso, Gabriel C. Moraes, A. Alvarenga, R. Costa-Felix","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74303","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic techniques have been widely used in biodiesel production, since the acoustic cavitation is a phenomenon capable of accelerating potentially the transesterification reactions. The equipment employed in such approach was simply equipment available in any regular laboratory of chemistry. Further developments introduced the ultrasound as an important tool to produce biodiesel. The main advantage is increasing the conversion of esters at reduced reaction times, with significantly lower production costs. As a method for characterization and analysis of materials, ultrasound has been used since several decades ago. However, ultrasonic analytical methods based on metrological principles are fairly recent investigated. Using ultrasound as physical principle to interrogate biodie- sel is a promising field of research, with some remarkable outcomes produced so far. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate advances of using ultrasonic techniques in produc- tion and characterization of biodiesel, as well as an appraisal of the current technology status, and provide insights into future developments.","PeriodicalId":329263,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels - State of Development","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114737554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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