Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal最新文献

{"title":"Polycentric Exoprosthetic Knee Joints - Extent of Shortening During Swing Phase.","authors":"T M Köhler,&nbsp;M Bellmann,&nbsp;S Blumentritt","doi":"10.33137/cpoj.v3i1.33768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v3i1.33768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An often assumed advantage of polycentric knee joints compared to monocentric ones is the improved ground clearance during swing phase due to the geometric shortening of the lower leg segment (LLS).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate whether polycentric knee joints considerably improve ground clearance and to evaluate the influence of prosthetic alignment on the extent of ground clearance.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>11 polycentric and 2 monocentric knee joints were attached to a rigid, stationary testing device. Shortening of the LLS and the resulting ground clearance during knee flexion were measured. Prosthetic components were mounted at the same height and the anterior-posterior position was in accordance with the manufacturer's alignment recommendations.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Shortening of up to 14.7 (SD=0.0) mm at the instance of minimal ground clearance during swing phase was measured. One knee joint elongated by 4.4 (SD=0.0) mm. Measurements of the ground clearance demonstrated differences up to 25.4 (SD=0.0) mm. One monocentric knee joint provided more ground clearance when compared to 8 of the polycentric knee joints investigated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Only some polycentric knee joints shorten appreciably during swing phase. With an optimized prosthetic alignment and a well-designed swing phase control, a monocentric knee joint may generate greater ground clearance compared to a polycentric knee joint.</p>","PeriodicalId":32763,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"33768"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10065881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postural Sway in Lower Extremity Amputees and Older Adults May Suggest Increased Fall Risk in Amputees.","authors":"H Bateni","doi":"10.33137/cpoj.v3i2.33804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v3i2.33804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Falls can be detrimental to overall health and quality of life for lower extremity amputees. Most previous studies of postural steadiness focus on quantification of time series variables extracted from postural sway signals. While it has been suggested that frequency domain variables can provide more valuable information, few current studies have evaluated postural sway in amputees using frequency domain variables.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Participants were assigned to 3 groups: lower extremity amputation (n=6), healthy young adults (n=10), and healthy older adults (n=10). Standing barefoot on a force platform, each individual completed 3 trials of each of 3 standing conditions: eyes open, eyes closed, and standing on a foam balance pad. Time and frequency domain variables of postural sway were computed and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comparison of older adults, younger adults, and amputees on the three conditions of standing eyes open, eyes closed, and on foam revealed significant differences between groups. Mean mediolateral (ML) sway distance from the center of pressure (COP), total excursions and sway velocity was significantly higher for amputees and older adults when compared to young adults (p<0.05). Furthermore, power of sway signal was substantially lower for both amputees and older adults. When compared to that of older adults, postural steadiness of amputees was more affected by the eyes closed condition, whereas older adults' was more affected when sensory and proprioceptive information was perturbed by standing on foam.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings showed that fall risk is greater in amputees than in young adults without amputation. Additionally, amputees may rely more heavily on visual information than proprioceptive information for balance, in contrast to older and young adults without amputation.</p>","PeriodicalId":32763,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal","volume":"3 2","pages":"33804"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10122187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correcting Sherrington's Gait Dysfunction With an Off the Shelf Knee Orthotic.","authors":"Ihsan Balkaya,&nbsp;Eric L Altschuler","doi":"10.33137/cpoj.v3i1.34528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v3i1.34528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This professional opinion describes the use of an off the shelf knee orthotic to correct the gait and functional mobility of a patient with hemisensory loss including proprioception following a stroke and provides supporting video. Interestingly, this case corrects a human analogue of a functional deficit found experimentally in monkeys in the 19th century by Mott and Sherrington.</p>","PeriodicalId":32763,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"34528"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10065880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Physical Activity Outcomes in Rehabilitation Interventions for Lower Limb Amputees: a Systematic Review.","authors":"A G Jamieson,&nbsp;L Murray,&nbsp;A Buis","doi":"10.33137/cpoj.v3i1.33931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v3i1.33931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Interventions which have focused on improving the physical activity of individuals with lower limb amputation can be mostly categorized into behavioural-based and prosthetic-based interventions. The aim of this review was to assess the quality of these interventions, and to identify the key gaps in research in this field.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The databases of Scopus, Pubmed, Embase, Medline and Web of Science were searched between September and December of 2019 for articles relating to physical activity, amputees and interventions. Articles were assessed quantitively based on internal validity, external validity and intervention intensity.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Sixteen articles (5 behavioural, 11 prosthetic) were assessed. Both approaches had comparable methodological quality and mixed efficacy for producing a significant change in physical activity outcomes. Almost all interventions used a simplistic measurement of activity as their outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is an insufficient amount of studies to assess the overall efficacy of behavioural interventions in regard to how they impact on physical activity behaviour. However, the increase of quality of the methodology in the more recent studies could indicate that future interventions will retain similar levels of quality. Prosthetic interventions have shown no major improvement in efficacy compared to similar reviews and may need to utilise more advanced prosthetic components to attain significant changes in physical activity. Activity outcomes should expand into more complex activity measurements to properly understand the physical activity profile of people with lower limb amputation.</p>","PeriodicalId":32763,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"33931"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10065883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfemoral Socket Fabrication Method Using Direct Casting: Outcomes Regarding Patient Satisfaction with Device and Services.","authors":"W R Marable,&nbsp;C Smith,&nbsp;B Þ Sigurjónsson,&nbsp;I F Atlason,&nbsp;G A Johannesson","doi":"10.33137/cpoj.v3i2.34672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v3i2.34672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Direct Socket for transfemoral (DS-TF) prosthetic user is a novel method of fabricating a laminated interface on to the residual limb but requires different training, production method and service model than what most prosthetists are familiar with. This method and model may improve patient satisfaction by enabling interface fabrication and delivery in one visit.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Document patient satisfaction regarding DS-TF interface versus the prosthetic users' previous socket in terms of interface function and the clinic service model.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>In this longitudinal study (from July 2018 to April 2020), the DS-TF was implemented in six prosthetic clinics across the United States. Certified prosthetists (CP) and assistants were trained using a standard protocol. 47 prosthetic users participated, both those in need of a new socket and those without need. Two modules from the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users' Survey (OPUS), involving questions related to satisfaction with the Device and Services, was used to evaluate each DS-TF user outcome vs. baseline. The only part of the prosthesis that was replaced was the interface, except in 2 cases.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Each DS-TF interface was fabricated, fit and delivered in a single clinic visit. At 6-months follow-up, 38 users reported an average of 29.8% increase in satisfaction with their new interface compared with original, and a 14.8% increase in satisfaction with the services they received from the clinic in providing of the new prosthesis vs. their original prosthesis. The main outcome increases were between baseline (initial fitting) and 6-week follow-up and remained consistent after 6 months. This improvement was consistent irrespective if the user needed a new socket for clinical reasons or not.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows that after a standardized training and implementation, the DS-TF fabrication process including a new interface, improves the user's satisfaction with their prosthetic device and services.</p>","PeriodicalId":32763,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal","volume":"3 2","pages":"34672"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10122186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of The Effects of Prosthetic Knee Condition for Individuals with Transfemoral Amputation During Attempted Running.","authors":"N Blakeley,&nbsp;B Silver-Thorn,&nbsp;J A Cross","doi":"10.33137/cpoj.v3i2.34481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v3i2.34481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A number of individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation (TFA) run in a prosthesis with an unlocked prosthetic knee, while others choose to run with a locked prosthetic knee to increase stability. Research regarding running with an unlocked knee (UK) versus a locked knee (LK), with respect to energy efficiency, is limited and might be enhanced by characterization of the impact of knee condition on kinematics.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the effect of an UK versus LK on hip kinematics, energy efficiency, and running speed.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Five male novice runners with unilateral TFA completed one three-minute self-selected running speed (SSRS) trial and three peak speed trials per knee condition. Hip kinematics, energy efficiency, and running speed were compared between conditions.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Four of the five subjects exhibited a fast walk, rather than a consistent run. Hip flexion increased for all subjects and hip abduction decreased for four subjects during swing phase for the UK condition. Hip kinematic asymmetry was reduced for the UK condition in the sagittal plane for four individuals; hip kinematic asymmetry was also reduced in the frontal plane for the UK condition for three of these individuals. Mean energy efficiency was better for the UK condition (UK: 0.282 mLO2/kg/m, LK: 0.328 mLO2/kg/m). Peak running speed did not differ significantly between knee conditions (UK: 1.47m/s, LK:1.32m/s).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>For novice recreational runners with unilateral transfemoral amputation, the UK condition resulted in improved energy efficiency and enhanced kinematic symmetry, despite comparable peak speed relative to the LK condition. Therefore the UK condition may be advantageous for mid-range distance running.</p>","PeriodicalId":32763,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal","volume":"3 2","pages":"34481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10421252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canada's Prosthetic Coverage: a Review of Provincial Prosthetic Policy.","authors":"C W Howard,&nbsp;D K Saraswat,&nbsp;G McLeod,&nbsp;A Yeung,&nbsp;D Jeong,&nbsp;J Lam","doi":"10.33137/cpoj.v2i2.33489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v2i2.33489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Canadian healthcare system serves as an example of equity and federal service to citizens across the world. However, it is not without its challenges. Prosthetic coverage across Canada is highly variable and largely unable to provide equal coverage for Canadian persons living with amputation. Many persons with limb loss are forced to rely upon personal resources, fundraising, or the charity of non-governmental organizations in order to meet this basic healthcare need. This disparity in the Canadian healthcare system is unusual and largely undescribed in the literature. We thus explore the nature of Canadian healthcare prosthetic coverage across Canada, investigating the variability in coverage, presence of prosthetic coverage policies, clarity of policy, eligibility criteria, and interval of prosthetic replacement. Our findings highlight potential areas for improvement within current Canadian healthcare policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":32763,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"33489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10421752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Hydraulic Ankles and Microprocessor-control on the Biomechanics of Trans-tibial Amputees During Quiet Standing on a 5° Slope.","authors":"M McGrath,&nbsp;K C Davies,&nbsp;P Laszczak,&nbsp;B Rek,&nbsp;J McCarthy,&nbsp;S Zahedi,&nbsp;D Moser","doi":"10.33137/cpoj.v2i2.33517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v2i2.33517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lower limb amputees have a high incidence of comorbidities, such as osteoarthritis, which are believed to be caused by kinetic asymmetries. A lack of prosthetic adaptation to different terrains requires kinematic compensations, which may influence these asymmetries.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Six SIGAM grade E-F trans-tibial amputees (one bilateral) wore motion capture markers while standing on force plates, facing down a 5° slope. The participants were tested under three prosthetic conditions; a fixed attachment foot (FIX), a hydraulic ankle (HYD) and a microprocessor foot with a 'standing support' mode (MPF). The resultant ground reaction force (GRF) and support moment for prosthetic and sound limbs were chosen as outcome measures. These were compared between prosthetic conditions and to previously captured able-bodied control data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The distribution of GRF between sound and prosthetic limbs was not significantly affected by foot type. However, the MPF condition required fewer kinematic compensations, leading to a reduction in sound side support moment of 59% (p=0.001) and prosthetic side support moment of 43% (p=0.02) compared to FIX. For the bilateral participant, only the MPF positioned the GRF vector anterior to the knees, reducing the demand on the residual joints to maintain posture.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>For trans-tibial amputees, loading on lower limb joints is affected by prosthetic foot technology, due to the kinematic compensations required for slope adaptation. MPFs with 'standing support' might be considered reasonable and necessary for bilateral amputees, or amputees with stability problems due to the reduced biomechanical compensations evident.</p>","PeriodicalId":32763,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"33517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10122230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation of the Structural Strength of Transtibial Sockets Fabricated Using Conventional Methods and Rapid Prototyping Techniques.","authors":"B Pousett,&nbsp;A Lizcano,&nbsp;S U Raschke","doi":"10.33137/cpoj.v2i1.31008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v2i1.31008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rapid Prototyping is becoming an accessible manufacturing method but before clinical adoption can occur, the safety of treatments needs to be established. Previous studies have evaluated the static strength of traditional sockets using ultimate strength testing protocols outlined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To carry out a pilot test in which 3D printed sockets will be compared to traditionally fabricated sockets, by applying a static ultimate strength test.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>36 sockets were made from a mold of a transtibial socket shape,18 for cushion liners with a distal socket attachment block and 18 for locking liners with a distal 4-hole pattern. Of the 18 sockets, 6 were thermoplastic, 6 laminated composites & 6 3D printed Polylactic Acid. Sockets were aligned in standard bench alignment and placed in a testing jig that applied forces simulating individuals of different weight putting force through the socket both early and late in the stance phase. Ultimate strength tests were conducted in these conditions. If a setup passed the ultimate strength test, load was applied until failure.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>All sockets made for cushion liners passed the strength tests, however failure levels and methods varied. For early stance, thermoplastic sockets yielded, laminated sockets cracked posteriorly, and 3D printed socket broke circumferentially. For late stance, 2/3 of the sockets failed at the pylon. Sockets made for locking liners passed the ultimate strength tests early in stance phase, however, none of the sockets passed for forces late in stance phase, all broke around the lock mechanism.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Thermoplastic, laminated and 3D printed sockets made for cushion liners passed the ultimate strength test protocol outlined by the ISO for forces applied statically in gait. This provides initial evidence that 3D printed sockets are statically safe to use on patients and quantifies the static strength of laminated and thermoplastic sockets. However, all set-ups of sockets made for locking liners failed at terminal stance. While further work is needed, this suggests that the distal reinforcement for thermoplastic, laminated and 3D printed sockets with distal cylindrical locks may need to be reconsidered.</p>","PeriodicalId":32763,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"31008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10063599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which is the Best Way to Perform the Physiological Cost Index in Active Individuals With Unilateral Trans-Tibial Amputation?","authors":"S Brunelli,&nbsp;A Sancesario,&nbsp;M Iosa,&nbsp;A S Delussu,&nbsp;N Gentileschi,&nbsp;C Bonanni,&nbsp;C Foti,&nbsp;M Traballesi","doi":"10.33137/cpoj.v2i1.32953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v2i1.32953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Physiological Cost Index (PCI) is a simple method used to estimate energy expenditure during walking. It is based on a ratio between heart rate and self-selected walking speed. Previous studies reported that PCI is reliable in individuals with lower limb amputation but only if there is an important walking impairment. No previous studies have investigated the correlation of PCI with the Energy Cost Walking (ECW) in active individuals with traumatic unilateral trans-tibial amputation, considering that this particular category of amputees has an ECW quite similar to healthy individual without lower limb amputation. Moreover, it is important to determine if PCI is also correlated to ECW in the treadmill test so as to have an alternative to over-ground test.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between PCI and ECW in active individuals with traumatic trans-tibial amputation in different walking conditions. The secondary aim was to evaluate if this correlation permits to determine ECW from PCI values.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Ninety traumatic amputees were enrolled. Metabolic data, heart rate and walking speed for the calculation of ECW and for PCI were computed over-ground and on a treadmill with 0% and 12% slopes during a 6-minute walking test.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>There is a significant correlation between ECW and PCI walking over-ground (p=0.003; R²=0.10) and on treadmill with 12% slopes (p=0.001; R²=0.11) but there is only a poor to moderate correlation around the trendline. No significant correlation was found walking on treadmill with 0% slope. The Bland-Altman plot analysis suggests that is not possible to evaluate ECW directly from PCI.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PCI is a reliable alternative measure of energy expenditure during walking in active individuals with trans-tibial amputation when performing over-ground or at high intensity effort on treadmill. PCI is therefore useful only for monitoring a within subject assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":32763,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Prosthetics Orthotics Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"32953"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10069802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}