Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology最新文献_第4页

Violence against Women and Girls 针对妇女和女童的暴力行为

Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0055

T. Wokoma, Stephen W. Lindow

{"title":"Violence against Women and Girls","authors":"T. Wokoma, Stephen W. Lindow","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0055","url":null,"abstract":"Violence against women and girls is defined as ‘any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life’. In this definition, violence is given its gender-related status and constructed as a problem which facilitates the enduring subjugation of women in society. As well as being a violation of individual rights, violence against women and girls prevents them from flourishing and contributing to their families and communities. It thus has an impact on the economic and social well-being of any society. It also holds back progress on international development targets. Violence against women and girls encompasses rape in conflict, female genital mutilation, stalking and harassment, child sexual abuse, ‘honour’-based violence, forced marriage, and domestic violence. It has physical, sexual, psychological, and economic consequences. This chapter examines the health issues relating to violence against women and girls, the steps taken so far to prevent and cater for health implications, and suggests a way forward.","PeriodicalId":325232,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129826622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Endometriosis 子宫内膜异位

Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0045

A. Vanhie, T. D’Hooghe

引用次数: 0

Respiratory diseases in pregnancy 妊娠期呼吸系统疾病

Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0025

C. Nelson-Piercy, S. Lapinsky

引用次数: 0

Cancer in pregnancy 妊娠期癌症

Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0072

M. Botha

{"title":"Cancer in pregnancy","authors":"M. Botha","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0072","url":null,"abstract":"For some women, the happiest time in their lives is complicated by the scariest events in their lives. Cancer in pregnancy is generally a rare occurrence but it is a shocking concept that, at a time when advice is to avoid coffee, wine, and some cheese for a healthy baby, you may need X-rays and even chemo- or radiotherapy for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The incidence of invasive cancer in pregnancy is about 1:1000 to 1:2000 pregnancies. About 3500 new cases are diagnosed during pregnancy in the United States every year. Breast cancer is the most common pregnancy-associated malignancy and 7–15% of all breast cancers in premenopausal women occur during pregnancy. There is some evidence that there is an increase in incidence of pregnancy-associated breast cancer with one large cohort study from Sweden, reporting an increase from 16 to 37 per 100,000 deliveries from 1963 to 2002. Of the reported cancers, breast cancer is by far the most common at 46%, followed by haematological malignancies, dermatological malignancies, cervical cancer, brain tumours, and ovarian tumours. Recent observations from Belgium seem to suggest that a pregnant patient should not have a poorer outcome of their cancer management when they are cared for by a multidisciplinary team with necessary input from obstetricians, oncologists, surgeons, paediatricians, and pharmacologists. Oncological treatment is possible during pregnancy, often without significantly endangering fetal safety.","PeriodicalId":325232,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131156903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neurological disorders in pregnancy 妊娠期神经障碍

Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0024

J. Wagner, T. J. Oertzen

{"title":"Neurological disorders in pregnancy","authors":"J. Wagner, T. J. Oertzen","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Neurological disorders in pregnancy (NDPs) pose challenges to both obstetricians and neurologists. These diseases or their treatment may have adverse effects on the health of the fetus or complicate the course of the pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum period. Vice versa, the metabolic and endocrine changes associated with pregnancy may affect the mother’s neurological health. The care for a patient with an NDP is further complicated by the lack of clinical studies in this population, misinformation of patients regarding the risks associated with pregnancy when suffering from a neurological condition, and insecurity on the part of many physicians confronted with this constellation. Three different scenarios regarding the interdependency of pregnancy and neurological disease are possible. Most patients with NDPs suffer from a pre-existing condition such as epilepsy or multiple sclerosis, whose occurrence is unrelated to the pregnancy per se but nonetheless raises specific pregnancy-related concerns. The second group of NDP patients is afflicted with a neurological disorder observed with increased incidence during pregnancy (e.g. cerebrovascular disease and peripheral nerve compression syndromes). The third category comprises patients suffering from conditions exclusively seen in the pregnant, for example (pre-)eclampsia and amniotic fluid embolism. The subdivisions delineated here are reflected in the organization of this chapter. The aim is to provide a practical overview of the most frequent neurological conditions in childbearing women, highlighting the pregnancy-related issues and focusing on the management of these patients, which requires a highly interdisciplinary approach.","PeriodicalId":325232,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133823195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antepartum haemorrhage

Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0022

Gbemisola Okunoye, Justin C. Konje

{"title":"Antepartum haemorrhage","authors":"Gbemisola Okunoye, Justin C. Konje","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) remains a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality across the world. As a key component of obstetric haemorrhage, it features high on the list of near-miss obstetric events; thus highlighting the continued importance of developing strategies aimed at reducing the negative impact on maternal and fetal outcome. The causes of APH include placenta praevia, placenta accreta, placenta abruption, vasa praevia, and local genital causes. Some cases of APH would be retrospectively classified as of unknown origin. Placenta praevia, placenta abruption, and vasa praevia have the greatest impact on maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The impact of APH on pregnancy outcome is more pronounced in low-resourced countries when compared to developed economies; therefore, a system-oriented approach based on sound evidence and multidisciplinary involvement with regularly rehearsed drills is required to drive a sustained improvement in the management of APH across the world. The rising incidence of placenta accreta, with the associated risk and complexity, presents an ongoing challenge, and the adoption of a composite care bundle that incorporates key components of multidisciplinary care is highly recommended.","PeriodicalId":325232,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117151464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stillbirth 死胎

Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0034

D. Ellwood, V. Flenady

{"title":"Stillbirth","authors":"D. Ellwood, V. Flenady","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0034","url":null,"abstract":"Stillbirth is defined in many different ways around the world, which makes international comparisons of rates very challenging. There are stark differences in causes between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries which can be accounted for, in part, by differences in population risk factors and resources. Obstetric care after stillbirth and in subsequent pregnancies is a specialized area of work and requires a multiprofessional team approach. Investigations may reveal the cause in the majority of cases, and expert interpretation of the results of these should be available to all women. Strategies for the prevention of stillbirth vary depending on the population at risk. In high-income countries, the focus is on recognition of risk factors, and identification of the vulnerable fetus, with targeted early delivery being the main strategy. Increased maternal awareness and appropriate organizational responses to decreased fetal movements may help to reduce the rate of late gestation stillbirths. Evidence-based, effective bereavement care after stillbirth is vital in reducing the long-term impacts of stillbirth for women and their families. The global burden of stillbirth is massive and it is now recognized as one of the most neglected areas of public health. Parents experience overwhelming and long-lasting grief when their child is stillborn and the societal costs are substantial and largely unappreciated. Many stillbirths are potentially preventable and as many conditions which lead to stillbirth also contribute to poor maternal, newborn, and longer-term health outcomes, addressing stillbirth has the potential for a quadruple return on investment.","PeriodicalId":325232,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116327833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cardiac disease in pregnancy 妊娠期心脏病

Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0012

P. Steer

引用次数: 0

Hysteroscopy 子宫镜检查

Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0048

O. O'Donovan, P. O'donovan

引用次数: 0

Menopause 更年期

Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0046

J. Sassarini, Mary Ann Lumsden

引用次数: 0