Earth Sciences Pakistan最新文献

{"title":"PALEONTOLOGY, PALEOENVIRONMENT AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE EARLY PALEOGENE PAKISTANIAN BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES OF HAQUE – SUBORDER TEXTULARIINA (AGGLUTINATED FORAMINIFERA)","authors":"Haidar Salim Anan","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is a part of the comprehensive works concerned with the complete record of the Paleogene small benthic foraminiferal content in the Ranikot and Laki Formations of the Nammal Gorge, Salt and Sor Ranges of Pakistan. The first part was concerned with the Miliolina and Lagenina foraminiferal assemblage of Haque from Pakistan, and followed by the second part which concerned with the Rotaliid assemblage of the same author of Pakistan. The third part is concerned with the Textulariid part and presented in this study. Twenty one Early Paleogene Pakistanian smaller Textulariid (Agglutinated) benthic foraminiferal species and subspecies from the Ranikot and Laki Formations of the Nammal Gorge, Salt and Sor Ranges of Pakistan have been studied and are systematically listed. This systematic description provides a list of modern synonyms, short remarks about morphological features, and some annotations about taxa with problematic generic status. These species are: Spiroplectinella ushbali, Gaudryina nitida, Siphogaudryina daviesi, S. elongata, S. nammalensis, Verneuilina laevigata, Tritaxia elongata, T. limbata, Dorothia nammalensis, Marssonella nammalensis, Bigenerina khirthari, B. metingensis, B. nodosa, Textularia crookshanki, T. haquei, T. punjabensis, Clavulinoides lakiensis, C. spatha, C. symmetrica, Valvulina n. nammalensis, V. nammalensis longa. Most of the recorded species are an endemic to Pakistan, except five species Siphogaudryina elongata, Tritaxia elongata, T. limbata, Textularia crookshanki and T. punjabensis are recorded in some Northern Tethys (France, Hungary) and Southern Tethys (India, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Algeria). The paleoenvironmental interpretations of the identified species in the study area of Pakistan were deposited in somewhat deep water and open-marine environments. The abundance of pelagic Pakistanian benthic foraminiferal assemblages indicate an open connection to the Tethys, which represents middle-outer neritic environment (100-200 m depth) and shows an affinity with the Atlantic-Tethyan Regions: “Midway Type Fauna “.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DELINEATION OF AIRBORNE MAGNETIC AND RADIOMETRIC STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH GOLD MINERALIZATION OF MINNA AND ITS ENVIRONS, NORTHCENTRAL NIGERIA","authors":"S. A., Udensi E.E., Salako K.A., Unuevho, C.I.","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2022.54.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2022.54.59","url":null,"abstract":"This study utilized the interpretation of the airborne magnetic and radiometric data to delineate the potential structures that are associated with gold mineralization of the Minna and its environs, Northcentral Nigeria. The total field anomaly data was reduced to pole and upward continued in a bid to well positioned and enhanced the shallow (high pass) magnetic structures. The high pass structural lineaments were extracted and the resulting prominent E-W and NE-SW tectonic trends were revealed which are perhaps related to Eburnean (D1) and Pan-African (D2) deformation events respectively. Subsequently, numerous regions with relatively high degree of faulting and shearing effects were unraveled from the line density analysis of the high pass lineaments. The 3-D Euler deconvolution technique provides a synonymous trend pattern with the HP lineaments as well as estimate the depth extents to the potential structures with values varying between 82.7 and 211.9 m. It was found that the mineralized structures associated with gold over the study area interact with the hydrothermal fluids alongside/adjacent to the structurally deformed (relatively high degree of faulting and shearing effects) regions. The observed regions with coincident, of the hydrothermally altered and structurally deformed are therefore marked as the resourceful, structures for gold mineralization. Hence, the derived evidence from this study has updated the information on the structures that are associated with gold mineralization and also acts a mitigation major against the indiscriminate excavations of the studied region.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF PROBABLE FOUNDATION PROBLEMS USING GEOPHYSICAL AND REMOTELY SENSED DATA IN A TYPICAL BASEMENT COMPLEX, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA.","authors":"Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola, Ajayi Christopher Ayodele, Bayode Sunday, Aderemi Sunday Adeoye, A. Babatunde A., Talabi Abel Ojo., Ojo Olufemi Felix, Talabi Joseph Ifeoluwa","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2022.72.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2022.72.82","url":null,"abstract":"This research work asses the problems of building foundation within Sagari Estate, Akure, Southwestern Nigeria, using remotely sensed data and geophysical methods. The slope, lineament, hill, and contour map were generated using terrain analysis in ArcGIS 10.5 environment. Electrical Resistivity (ER) and Very Low Frequency (EM-VLF) Electromagnetic methods were used in this study. The ER method involves the use of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) with Schlumberger configuration. The initial geoelectric parameters obtained from the fifty three (53) VES station points interpretation (layer resistivities and thicknesses) were used to generate geoelectric maps. The variation of strata and physical strength information within the investigated area were determined from the integrated results of the three methods. Results revealed that substantial portion of the areas studied is relatively unsuitable for high rise civil engineering foundations. However, it was showed that the northern and southern parts of the investigated area were more suitable for foundations. The dominant presence of lineaments, steep slopes , fractures, streams, and thick clayey topsoil as well as weathered layers within the western, eastern, and the central portions reveals susceptibility to subsidence if adequate structural supports mitigate the effect of the persistent foundation failure are not provided.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69336346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FIELD AND PETROGRAPHIC EVIDENCES OF GRANITOIDS AND MAFIC MAGMAS INTERACTION IN THE NEOPROTEROZOIC CENTRAL AFRICAN FOLD BELT IN CAMEROON (MAKENENE AREA)","authors":"Benjamin Ntieche, Wokwenmendam Nguet Pauline, Eric José Messi Ottou, Mahomed Aziz Mounjouohou, Zakari Nchouwet, Minamou Guy Bertin, Daouda Mfepat, Amidou Moundi","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.07.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.07.16","url":null,"abstract":"Field and petrographic studies of the Makenene area in the Central African Fold Belt in Cameroon reveals several features testifying the mafic and felsic magmas interactions and their coeval nature. They are: (1) the Mafic Magmatic Enclaves (MMEs) scattered throughout the Makenene granitoid pluton and displaying sub-rounded shape and back veining, (2) flow structures consisting of schlierens at the tails of MMEs, folded MMEs along with felsic host granitoids with hinge indicating the flow direction, (3) irregular or cuspate boundary between MMEs and host granitoids, (4) quenching of apatite and biotites minerals, (5) MMEs enclosing other MMEs or felsic host granitoids. The mafic magma injection operated during at least four stages (from early to late crystallization state of the host magma) leading respectively to the formation of homogenized granitoid; sub-spherical MMEs scattered in the pluton; dismembered dyke and undisturbed synplutonic mafic dyke. The Makenene area registered four deformation phases (D1 to D4). The first two deformation phases occurred before the magmatism and migmatization events. The third phase is coeval to the magmatism and the migmatization period (at the Eburnean orogeny (2.08-2.07 Ga)). The fourth phase is related to the Panafrican orogeny.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMPACT OF BIOLOGICALWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND PAHARRANG DRAIN ON GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND ITS HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT","authors":"Amina Manzoor, Haroon Rashid, A. Nasir, Hafiz Moeen Ud Din, A. ., Ahsan Saif ullah, Anam Maqsood","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.30.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.30.35","url":null,"abstract":"In developing nations like Pakistan, the dumping of untreated industrial effluents into drains is a major source of subsurface pollution. This research was carried out at the area of Chokera, Faisalabad and focused on the Paharrang drain to examine its impact on groundwater quality since companies in the area discharge untreated sewage into the drain at various points along its length. It was primarily concerned with determining the impact of the outflow on groundwater quality and observing discharge rate fluctuations. The goal of this study was to assess the toxicity of the drain’s effluent and treatment plant on groundwater quality. Physio-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Cl, Arsenic, Lead, Chromium, Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc were measured in the collected samples. The findings of these samples were compared to WHO recommendations. The values of these data were represented using ArcView GIS v10.2 and a mapping of quality parameters. None of the values in the wastewater samples were determined to be within the WHO acceptable limit. Similarly, groundwater investigation revealed that all samples were unsuitable for human consumption. Drinking groundwater directly might be hazardous to one’s health.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CHARACTERISATION OF GOLD-ASSOCIATED BASE METALS IN ITAGUNMODI, ILESHA SCHIST BELTS, NIGERIA, TO ASCERTAIN THEIR ORE BODY FORMATION TRENDS","authors":"Michael T. Asubiojo, Kazeem O. Olomo, Olawatoyin K. Olaleye, Joshua B. Olatunbosun","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.36.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.36.42","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of the discovered base metal elements in Itagunmodi, Southwest, Ife-Ilesha schist belts, Nigeria, with a case study of Amuta, was carried out to ascertain the likelihood of these elements forming ore bodies that might sustain mining activity in the area alongside gold. The aim is to determine the economic viability potentials of the detected base metals’ mineralisation to support mining activities in the study area. The geochemical analysis results indicated that the concentrations of these elements copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (pb), and zinc (Zn) are substantial in the majority of the locations when compared to the area’s typical concentrations. When the copper 614.2, nickel 705.1, lead 47.1, and zinc 987.8 threshold values were compared to their recoverable concentrations, it was determined that these elements, with the exception of lead in location 4, are not anomalous in the area. When these elements’ concentration factors were compared to their usual crustal abundance values, it was determined that they are not enough concentrated to form ore bodies in the studied location. Electrical geophysical methods utilizing induced polarization were used to determine the locations of selected stream samples. The results from the five locations typically indicated a significant IP signature with chargeability values ranging from 8 to 18 msec, confirming the occurrence of base metals mineralization in the study region. This indicates that the ore deposit is uneven and distributed within fault/fracture zones. As a result, the detected base metals’ mineralisation potentials in the study region are not economically viable to support mining activities. Thus, it is concluded that, while the studied area is mineralized in base metals, its ore body formation propensity is extremely low, and thus cannot sustain economically viable mining activities.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PERCULTALINA: A NEW LAGENID BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL GENUS","authors":"Haidar Salim Anan","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2022.43.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2022.43.48","url":null,"abstract":"Percultalina n. gen. is introduced here to include the Early Paleogene benthic Lagenid foraminiferids from Jordan and Egypt (Southern Tethys) that characterized by its large lenticular initial portion followed by two or more uniserial elongate erected or inclined inflated rounded chambers, ornamented surface by elevated sutures with a row of tubercles or nodes along the sutures, and spinose surface. This new genus has been previously assigned to different genera: Vaginulinopsis Reuss, or Percultazonaria Loeblich & Tappan, or Marginulinopsis Silvestri. Three Early Paleogene species of the new genus are described here from two countries in Jordan: Percultalina wadiarabensis (Futyan) with rectilinear uniserial portion of the test (the genotype of the new genus), and Egypt: Percultalina misrensis Anan (n. sp.), and P. sinaensis with inclined uniserial portion of the test. Moreover, varied and diverse genera of the Lagenid benthic foraminifera are attempted here to study the holotypes of seven diagnostic genera of this group: Lenticulina Lamarck, Cribrolenticulina Haman, Marginulinopsis Silvestri, Percultazonaria Anan, Leticuzonaria Anan, Lenticubella Anan and Percultalina Anan. The taxonomic revision of these seven genera will greatly aid paleontologists and biostratigraphers to helpfully understanding.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AQUIFER DELINEATION USING SEISMIC REFRACTION METHOD IN RUMUOHIA COMMUNITY, EMOHUA L.GA, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"Minaibim Ellerton Abbey, I. Tamunoberetonari, Opiriyabo Ibim Horsfall","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.17.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.17.21","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is a major source of water supply throughout the world. Its dependence is at the increase, so is highly necessary to ensure that there is a significant supply of potable water with high quality. On the verge of seeing these problems, we investigated shallow aquifer in Rumuohia community in Emohua local government area, Rivers State, Nigeria which aimed at utilizing seismic refraction method to delineate depth to shallow aquifer and geological structure of the terrain at five selected locations. The analysis of the result shows two layers with the presence of sand-gravel and clay lithologies. Layer 1 in all five locations is made up of clay with an average velocity of 274.83m/s with a thickness range of 4.88m to 9.98m at an average of 7m. Layer 2 in two locations is made up of sandy clay. In one location, it is clay while in the remaining two locations they are sand with gravel (dry), which infers a potential aquifer with an average velocity of 422.63m/s. The sand being present indicates a good aquifer, and clay serves as a stopper for the sand since it tends to go through compaction by overburden pressure. The study area is generally a good site for a borehole with a high tendency for potable water supply.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LENTICUBELLA: A NEW TETHYAN LAGENID BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL GENUS","authors":"Haidar Salim Anan","doi":"10.26480/esp.01.2022.22.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2022.22.26","url":null,"abstract":"Lenticubella n. gen. is introduced here to include the Paleocene benthic Lagenid Foraminiferids from some Tethyan localities (Poland and Egypt) that characterized by symmetrical planispirally enrolled hyaline calcareous test in the early stage, followed by later uniserial stage, moderately involute chambers, smooth surface, radiate aperture, with periphery keeled in some individuals. Some representatives of the new genus have been previously assigned to the genus Darbyella, or Lenticulina, or Robulus. The new genus has a compiled characters between its lenticular test (as the genus Lenticulina Lamarck (with its symmetrical planispirally enrolled test, and smooth surface), and also another genus Darbyella Howe and Wallace (which has planispiral-uniserial test with inclined positon on the uniserial part on the early planispiral direction). Two Paleocene species of the new genus are described from Poland in the Northern Tethys (L. irregularis and L. polonica), and another two species from Egypt in the Southern Tethys (L. kurkurensis and L. misrensis). The Polonian species have flush or slightly depressed sutures, while the Egyptian species have raised sutures, mainly in the planispiral stage, but slightly depressed sutures in the uniserial stage.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIALS AT UDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"Abbey M. E, Onyebueke D. E","doi":"10.26480/esp.02.2022.49.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2022.49.53","url":null,"abstract":"A geophysical study comprising vertical electrical soundings was carried out in four (4) locations (Udi 1, Udi 2, Udi 3 and Udi 4) in Udi L.G.A. to assess groundwater potentials. The method involves the use of resistivity equipment (ABEM Terrameter), the field data were obtained utilizing Schlumberger configuration. The WINRESIST software was utilized in the data processing. According to the study’s findings, the geological formations present in these locations contain five to seven layers. Layers 1 has resistivity values ranging from 158.1 – 418.1 m at depths of 0.6 – 1.6 m, layer 2 has resistivity values ranging from 1103.9 – 41387.3  m at depths of 0.8 – 8.9 m, layer 3 has resistivity values ranging from 313.0 – 4782.9 m at depths of 6.9 – 28.2 m, layer 4 has resistivity values ranging from 1847.9 – 6956.8 m at depths of 11.8 – 154.6 m, layer 5 has resistivity values ranging from 115.0 – 2838.4 m at depths of 101.2 – 219.2 m, layer 6 has resistivity values ranging from 51.1 – 261.7 m at a depth 190.6 m, and layer 7 have a resistivity value of 47.1 m at an unknown depth. Layer 4 from all locations shows a prolific aquifer where enormous groundwater can be explored due to its high resistivity values, depth and thickness. The aquifer is estimated to be at the depths of 90.0 – 120.0 m. The results of this geophysical examination revealed that the studied region has good groundwater potential, which if properly utilized, will go a long way toward alleviating the effects of water insufficiency in Udi L.G.A.","PeriodicalId":32517,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences Pakistan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}