New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review最新文献

Contrast-Induced Nephropathy 对比感应肾病

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review Pub Date : 2020-05-13 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90457

A. Elserafy, T. Abdelsalam

引用次数: 0

Calcium Channel Blockers 钙通道阻滞剂

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review Pub Date : 2020-05-13 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90778

Yaser Alahamd, H. Swehli, A. Rahhal, Sundus Sardar, Mawahib Elhassan, Salma Alsamel, O. Ibrahim

{"title":"Calcium Channel Blockers","authors":"Yaser Alahamd, H. Swehli, A. Rahhal, Sundus Sardar, Mawahib Elhassan, Salma Alsamel, O. Ibrahim","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90778","url":null,"abstract":"Vasospasm refers to a condition in which an arterial spasm leads to vasoconstriction. This can lead to tissue ischemia and necrosis. Coronary vasospasm can lead to significant cardiac ischemia associated with symptomatic ischemia or cardiac arrhythmia. Cerebral vasospasm is an essential source of morbidity and mortality in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. It can happen within 3–15 days with a peak incidence at 7 days after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Calcium channel blockers are widely used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, and other disorders like SAH vasospasm related and Migraine. The specific treatment of cerebral vasospasm helps improving cerebral blood flow to avoid delayed ischemic neurologic deficit by reducing ICP, optimizing the rate of cerebral oxygen demand, and enhancing cerebral blood flow with one of the following approaches: indirect pharmacological protection of brain tissue or direct mechanical dilation of the vasospastic vessel. Nimodipine is the standard of care in aneurysmal SAH patients. Nimodipine 60 mg every 4 hours can be used for all patients with aneurysmal SAH once the diagnosis is made for 21 days.","PeriodicalId":324396,"journal":{"name":"New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134338990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Vascular Calcifications 血管钙化

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review Pub Date : 2020-05-13 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90287

Mehmet Erin Tüysüz, Mehmet Dedemoğlu

{"title":"Vascular Calcifications","authors":"Mehmet Erin Tüysüz, Mehmet Dedemoğlu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90287","url":null,"abstract":"Calcium-phosphate levels have an effect on the vascular wall. Calcium is a cation in human body. It is has a crucial effect on intracellular and extracellular mechanisms. Extracellular calcium levels are more than intracellular levels. In total serum, the calcium level is approximately 8.8–10.4. Parathormone and vitamin D regulate blood calcium levels. Phosphorus is more common than calcium in the human body. Most of the phosphorus is present in the skeletal system. Phosphorus level is approximately 2.5–4.5 mg/dl in blood. It is often observed calcification in cardiovascular system in some diseases such as chronic renal failure due to increased calciumphosphate levels. While the calcification seems in tunica intima layer of the vessel in atherosclerotic disease, it seems in tunica media layer of vessel in chronic renal failure with high uremic level. Vascular calcification is due to arterial stiffness, stenosis, and occlusion. Vascular and valvular calcifications are irreversible. Increased arterial stiffness destroys vascular compliance, causes left ventricular hypertrophy, and disrupts coronary perfusion. As a result, increased vascular calcification is associated with cardiovascular mortality.","PeriodicalId":324396,"journal":{"name":"New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review","volume":"2018 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133036680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Rehabilitation Strategies and Key Related Mechanisms Involved in Stroke Recovery 脑卒中康复的康复策略及关键机制

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91025

Hideki Nakano

{"title":"Rehabilitation Strategies and Key Related Mechanisms Involved in Stroke Recovery","authors":"Hideki Nakano","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91025","url":null,"abstract":"Poststroke rehabilitation requires a thorough understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying motor function recovery. This chapter outlines these mechanisms and also discusses the corresponding rehabilitation strategies based on the functional characteristics of the brain. The main topics we discuss are as follows: Although ipsilateral brain region activity is inhibited when using the limbs under normal conditions, it is thought that a decrease in this inhibition and the subsequent increased ipsilateral brain area activity post-injury promote recovery in the damaged contralateral neural network. For optimal poststroke motor function recovery, it is important to normalize the resulting imbalance in brain activity. Therefore, increased corticomotor excitation in the injured hemisphere or decreased excitation in the non-injured hemisphere must be promoted. Rehabilitation strategies include reducing non-paretic limb somatosensory input to decrease excitation in the non-injured hemisphere, increasing paretic limb somatosensory input to increase excitation in the injured hemisphere, increasing excitation in the injured hemisphere through movement training of the paretic hand and anesthesia of the paretic upper arm, increasing excitation in the injured hemisphere, or reducing excitation in the non-injured hemisphere. Considering the functional characteristics of the primary motor area, during the early stages after stroke, it is important to increase the somatosensory input to the paralyzed side and combine mental practices using motor imagery.","PeriodicalId":324396,"journal":{"name":"New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132411426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Available Therapeutics after a Stroke: Current and Promising Options 中风后可用的治疗方法:当前和有希望的选择

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review Pub Date : 2020-02-25 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91282

María Yolanda Cruz Martínez, Karla Alejandra Cantú Saldaña, José Juan Antonio Ibarra Arias

引用次数: 0

Brain Cooling and Cleaning: A New Perspective in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Dynamics 脑冷却和清洁:脑脊液动力学的新视角

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review Pub Date : 2020-02-21 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90484

H. Burhan, I. Cherian

{"title":"Brain Cooling and Cleaning: A New Perspective in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Dynamics","authors":"H. Burhan, I. Cherian","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90484","url":null,"abstract":"The function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has long been considered for mechanical protection and recently attributed to the supply of nutrients to the brain. However, we hypothesize that the brain is a water-cooled and water-cleaned system. Recent studies on the glymphatic pathways and the introduction of cisternostomy as a surgical procedure for traumatic brain injury reveal a vast and in-depth functionality of the CSF, which works in synchrony with the cardiopulmonary rhythms to act as a buffer for optimum cerebral function. The nasal sinuses are located around the suprasellar cistern, and the evaporating wet mucosa within them during the breathing contributes to local cooling, whereas the nocturnal activation of AQP4 channels allows CSF-ISF exchange. The resultant “cooling and cleaning” of the brain not only maintains a physiological equilibrium but also opens doors for understanding and treating pathophysiology underlying common degenerative and neuro-inflammatory diseases. This chapter describes the novel theory of brain cooling and cleaning and the clinical and experimental evidence to support this hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":324396,"journal":{"name":"New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132101114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Endovascular Treatment of Brain Aneurysms 脑动脉瘤的血管内治疗

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review Pub Date : 2019-11-15 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88964

D. Altschul, T. Vats, Santiago R. Unda

引用次数: 1

Poor-Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Diagnosis, Therapeutical Management, and Prognosis 低度动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血:诊断、治疗和预后

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review Pub Date : 2019-10-30 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89993

Bing Zhao, Haixia Xing, Sheng-hao Ding, Yao-hua Pan, J. Wan

{"title":"Poor-Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Diagnosis, Therapeutical Management, and Prognosis","authors":"Bing Zhao, Haixia Xing, Sheng-hao Ding, Yao-hua Pan, J. Wan","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89993","url":null,"abstract":"Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating neurological condition and these patients often have unfavorable outcomes at the long-term follow-up. Poor-grade aSAH is a severe subtype of aSAH and is defined as World Federation of Neurosurgical Surgeon (WFNS) grade IV or V. All patients should be treated by a multidisciplinary team that consists of vascular neurosurgeons, interventional neuroradiologists, neurologists, and anesthetists. Aneurysm rebleeding occurs in the poor-grade aSAH within the first 72 h after ictus. Timing of treatment for aSAH has shifted from delayed to early treatment of ruptured aneurysms, and there will be a trend toward early or ultra-early treatment for poor-grade aSAH. However, there is no consensus regarding the optimal timing of treatment for poor-grade aSAH. Endovascular coiling has provided a viable alternative to surgical clipping. An increasing number of patients have received endovascular treatment. There are limited data on high-level clinical trials focused on the treatment of poor-grade aSAH. An accurate prediction model remains challenging. Predicting long-term outcome is essential to support treatment decision-making. We reviewed the current therapeutical management and prognosis of poor-grade aSAH.","PeriodicalId":324396,"journal":{"name":"New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127480027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aging, Cerebrovascular Burden, and Cognitive Decline 衰老、脑血管负担和认知能力下降

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review Pub Date : 2019-10-19 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89854

Kyoungjoo Cho

引用次数: 1

Neuronavigated and Laparoscopic-Assisted Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement 神经导航和腹腔镜辅助脑室腹腔分流放置

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review Pub Date : 2019-10-16 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89252

Sarah Wilson, M. Crozier, Antonios El Helou

{"title":"Neuronavigated and Laparoscopic-Assisted Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement","authors":"Sarah Wilson, M. Crozier, Antonios El Helou","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89252","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain causing increased intracranial pressure, which can arise from a variety of causes, including congenital, acquired, or idiopathic pathologies. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting is most commonly used to treat hydrocephalic patients, relieving the increased intracranial pressure by draining excess CSF from the ventricles to the peritoneal cavity. VP shunts are primarily completed using either an open or a more minimally invasive neuronavigated laparoscopic-assisted surgical technique. There is a high level of surgical complications, shunt failures and revision rates following VP shunting. It is suggested that different surgical techniques are associated with varying degrees of patient outcomes, surgical complications, and revision rates, with the less invasive laparoscopic-assisted approach producing improved results. We present our results on 14 consecutive hydrocephalic patients, analyzed retrospectively between 2017 and 2019, investigating the benefits offered by the neuronavigated laparoscopic-assisted insertion of VP shunts. Additionally, we explain our workflow and procedural technique. By investigating these differences, changes can be implemented in current routine procedures to ameliorate patient safety, surgical complications, and revision rates.","PeriodicalId":324396,"journal":{"name":"New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review","volume":"32 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133658587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1