{"title":"Lidar Measurements under the Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study (ECLIPS)","authors":"S. Pal, W. Steinbrecht, A. Carswell","doi":"10.1364/orsa.1991.owe25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1991.owe25","url":null,"abstract":"The ECLIPS [1] program has been established to provide an opportunity to study clouds with a vertically pointing ground-based lidar simultaneously with satellites observing the same cloud system from above. Our typical lidar measurement time series is about 3 hours duration encompassing a satellite overpass. Several months of such measurements have provided us with a large set of cloud data. We have completed an initial development of the analytical methodologies to examine such large amounts of lidar data to extract information on cloud physical and optical parameters. At present our activities under ECLIPS program are already yielding considerable insight into cloud behaviour which otherwise is difficult to determine with conventional means.","PeriodicalId":320202,"journal":{"name":"Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129295078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Unwrapped Phase Distribution Model for Speckle/Turbulence","authors":"D. Draper, J. Holmes, J. Peacock","doi":"10.1364/orsa.1990.tud24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.tud24","url":null,"abstract":"Several models have been proposed for the probability density function (p.d.f.) of phase for a speckle field created by a coherent beam and a diffuse object1-5 and also for a coherent beam propagating through a random medium such as clear air turbulence6-7. The p.d.f. models for speckle as well as many of the p.d.f. models for turbulence are given for the wrapped phase since the models are based on extracting phase information from the complex field amplitudes representing the radiation. Wrapped phase refers to phase angles that are limited to principal values (0-2π radians). The phase fluctuations really represent the optical path length variations which can greatly exceed 2π when represented as phase changes. Path length variations are linearly related to unwrapped phase variations by the relationship ϕ = 2πΔL/λ where ΔL represents path length variations. Consequently in a realistic situation phase is not limited to principal values. In addition the wrapped p.d.f. expressions are mathematically complicated and it would be difficult to extend them to the case where a speckle field and a turbulence field are combined (ie. where a speckle field is propagating through turbulence). Consequently simple Gaussian unwrapped phase p.d.f. models for both speckle alone and turbulence alone and a model for the combined speckle field in turbulence using the simpler unwrapped models are proposed. It will be shown using a standard technique for calculating a wrapped p.d.f. from an unwrapped p.d.f5 that the wrapped p.d.f.’s obtained from unwrapped Gaussian models are approximately equivalent to the known wrapped p.d.f.’s for speckle phase. It will also be shown from our experimental work that the measured unwrapped phase is approximately Gaussian.","PeriodicalId":320202,"journal":{"name":"Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123830510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optical Scintillation Instruments for Measuring Heat and Momentum Fluxes in the Atmospheric Surface Layer","authors":"R. Hill, G. Ochs","doi":"10.1364/orsa.1990.wd18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.wd18","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental validation against in-situ instruments shows that optical scintillation techniques are very promising for measuring the atmospheric surface-layer fluxes of heat, momentum, and stability.","PeriodicalId":320202,"journal":{"name":"Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124206818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of HALOE O3 and H2O Observations from UARS with Ground and Balloonborne Measurements","authors":"J. Russell, L. Gordley, P. Purcell, K. Stone","doi":"10.1364/orsa.1995.mb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1995.mb3","url":null,"abstract":"The HALOE experiment was launched on the UARS satellite by the Space Shuttle Discovery at 7:11:04 EDT on September 12, 1991. After allowing for a period of outgassing, HALOE began taking routine science observations on October 11. HALOE uses the experiment approach of solar occultation and the gas filter and broad band radiometer instrument techniques to measure vertical profiles of HCℓ, HF, CH4, NO, NO2, H2O, O3, aerosol, and temperature versus pressure. The measurements cover a broad altitude range from the upper troposphere in some cases to the lower thermosphere in the case of nitric oxide. Latitude coverage provided by the occultation geometry ranges from 80 ° S to 80 °N over the course of one year. The experiment has operated essentially without flaw for more than three years. Instrument stability over this time, as judged by the maximum signal change when viewing the sun exoatmospherically, is ≤ 2 to 3 %.","PeriodicalId":320202,"journal":{"name":"Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123365276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Burka, P. Dao, G. Davidson, R. Farley, R. McNutt, J. Meriwether, A. Wilson
{"title":"Pinatubo Dust Observations from Fairbanks and Boston","authors":"M. Burka, P. Dao, G. Davidson, R. Farley, R. McNutt, J. Meriwether, A. Wilson","doi":"10.1364/orsa.1991.otue11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1991.otue11","url":null,"abstract":"Rayleigh lidar observations from Poker Flat, Alaska show the arrival of a dust cloud near 20 km on 12 August 91. Rayleigh and Raman lidar observations from Boston provide a measure of the backscatter ratio of the 20 km dust cloud.","PeriodicalId":320202,"journal":{"name":"Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123623341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Summary of the Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study ( ECLIPS ) at ISTS/York Lidar Observatory","authors":"S. Pal, A. Fong, A. Carswell","doi":"10.1364/orsa.1993.tuc.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.tuc.4","url":null,"abstract":"Clouds play an important but complex role in modifying the solar radiative transfer in the atmosphere. To gain better insight into cloud physical and optical properties, which form the basis for cloud parameterization in general circulation models, the ECLIPS [1] was initiated in which about a dozen lidar groups have participated. The ECLIPS program has provided an opportunity to conduct lidar measurements of cloud systems simultaneously observed by a satellite (NOAA-10 or 11). A lidar measurement time series, typically of 3 hours encompasses a satellite overpass. Two ECLIPS phases (Sep-Nov 1989, Jun-Jul 1991) have provided consistent cloud lidar measurement time series on a variety of cloud formations. Our achievements in developing analytical methodologies to utilize large amounts of lidar data and to extract information on cloud physical and optical parameters are summarized in this paper. The behaviour of lidar derived cloud parameters in relation to important meteorological parameters will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":320202,"journal":{"name":"Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere","volume":"137 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121145611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Dao, J. Meriwether, R. McNutt, W. Klemetti, J. Servaites, W. Moskowitz, G. Davidson
{"title":"Lidar Sounding of Atmospheric Temperature and Density Variability with a 2.5 Meter Telescope","authors":"P. Dao, J. Meriwether, R. McNutt, W. Klemetti, J. Servaites, W. Moskowitz, G. Davidson","doi":"10.1364/orsa.1990.tuc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.tuc4","url":null,"abstract":"In May 1989 the Geophysics Laboratory (GL) mobile lidar facility was moved to Wright Patterson AFB and combined with the WRDC 2.5 meter telescope. The objective was to merge Air Force resources in a campaign to obtain atmospheric density data in the altitude range from 20 to 100 km. GL has been performing high altitude density measurements since 1984. For density measurements, the lidar system typically consists of a pulsed laser and a medium quality optical telescope to collect backscattered radiation. For UV and visible lasers, the optical signal is detected with photomultiplier tubes and the electrical signal is recorded either with a transient recorder or a multichannel scaler. The latter is used with photon counting and considerably increases the detection sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":320202,"journal":{"name":"Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121396516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Murcray, J. R. Starkey, W. Williams, W. Matthews, U. Schmidt, P. Aimedieu, C. Camy‐Peyret
{"title":"HNO3 Profiles Obtained During EASOE","authors":"F. Murcray, J. R. Starkey, W. Williams, W. Matthews, U. Schmidt, P. Aimedieu, C. Camy‐Peyret","doi":"10.1364/orsa.1993.the.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.the.5","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of the Antarctic ozone hole by Farman et all has led to increased interest in obtaining data at high latitudes on the altitude distribution of many of the constituents involved in the photochemistry of the ozone layer. Data concerning the altitude profile of constituents at stratospheric altitudes is generally obtained using instruments flown on large balloons. Launch and recovery of the instrumentation flown on such balloons at remote sites is difficult. In order to reduce these difficulties we have developed small grating spectrometer system which can be flown on small balloons. HNO3is of particular interest in high latitude photochemistry since it is involved in the heterogeneous reactions occurring during the winter. The spectrometer was designed specifically to obtain data on HNO3however the spectral region scanned (8μ to 13μ) includes features due to CH4, N2O, O3, F12 and F11. The system is used to measure the atmospheric spectral emission and its change with altitude as the balloon ascends. The change in spectral radiance with altitude is used to obtain profile data on the constituents of interest.","PeriodicalId":320202,"journal":{"name":"Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114307012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Detection Sensitivities and Measurement Accuracies for Tropospheric Species Using the TES Instrument on EOS/B","authors":"J. Margolis, J. Martonchik, R. Beer","doi":"10.1364/orsa.1991.ome8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1991.ome8","url":null,"abstract":"The EOS-B/TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer) instrument is a Fourier Transform spectrometer which views the earth's atmosphere in either a nadir mode, with a spectral resolution of 0.1 cm–1, or in a limb sensing mode, with a spectral resolution of 0.025 cm–1. The spectral region covered is between 600 and 4350 cm–1 as listed in Table 1. The broad spectral coverage and the radiometric calibration of this instrument allow the determination of the atmospheric temperature profile, surface brightness temperature and concentration profiles of the minor infrared active gases. The instrument simultaneously views the atmosphere in 4 separate spectral regions; each region possesses a series of filters which may be programmed into position (see Table 1) and a separate focal plane with a linear array of 32 adjacent detectors (only the central 16 are used at the limb). The optical arrangement allows viewing in the limb mode with a 2 x 20 km field of view for each detector at the tangent point with the long dimension being horizontal and the 16 detectors stacked vertically. In the nadir mode the footprint of each of these detectors is 0.5 by 5.0 km or 5 by 50 km depending on the selected field optics. The spectrometer optics are cooled and the detector arrays are selected such that the signal/noise in each of the narrow bands is essentially source limited.","PeriodicalId":320202,"journal":{"name":"Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116351454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Holographic Detection System for use with Fabry-Perot Interferometers and Particular Applications for Lidar Work","authors":"M. McGill, M. Marzouk, V. S. Scott, J. Spinhirne","doi":"10.1364/orsa.1997.pdp.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1997.pdp.6","url":null,"abstract":"Many applications employ Fabry-Perot interferometers as spectral-resolving elements. In the past, the spectral distribution had to be measured using multi-channel circular detectors1. In the absence of circular detectors the output light must to be transformed into a linear pattern, which usually means the Fabry-Perot is not being optimally utilized or that a large fraction of the light is lost.","PeriodicalId":320202,"journal":{"name":"Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114685114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}