{"title":"Lay Elites under Arab Rule","authors":"P. Wood","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv18gfz0r.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv18gfz0r.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter makes the case that the seventh century did not see the immediate disappearance of the landowning elite in the Levant. It discusses how the melting away of the Roman state created opportunities for the aristocracy to enrich itself. It also refers to the tax structures of the new state that forced the aristocrats to find new avenues to power and influence, such as state administration or church hierarchy. The chapter uses letters and saints' lives to chart how many aristocracies benefited from the collapse of the Roman and Sasanian empires before the caliphs started to reassert their authority and demand higher taxes in the eighth century. It describes how non-Muslim, landed aristocrats persisted in many areas and Muslim patrons who protected the elites' interests.","PeriodicalId":320010,"journal":{"name":"The Imam of the Christians","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121435322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Patriarchs and Bishops","authors":"P. Wood","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv18gfz0r.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv18gfz0r.7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates the period circa 740 to 842, which was particularly rich for history writing within the Jacobite church. It details how the writings in history provided a means of charting the lineage of the patriarchs of the Jacobite church and delineating the appropriate behaviour of contemporary patriarchs and bishops using models from the past. It also examines the layered narratives that Dionysius provided for the period of 'anarchy' and then turns to Dionysius' depiction of his own generation. The chapter highlights the shift in the recruitment of patriarchs from Qartmin to other monasteries, such as Qenneshre, Dionysius' alma mater. It notes the change in the criteria for patriarchal tyranny between the eighth-century historians and Dionysius.","PeriodicalId":320010,"journal":{"name":"The Imam of the Christians","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129333294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Takrit and Mosul","authors":"P. Wood","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691212791.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691212791.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that the city of Takrit benefited most from the economic development of Baghdad and southern Iraq by cultivating a widespread trading diaspora and by seeing one of its sons become the first eastern patriarch. It looks at evidence from Deir es-Surian that testified to western links and the channelling of Takrit's wealth into education and the collection of manuscripts. It also discusses how Takritian diaspora sponsored its own churches, often revering Iraqi saints and festivals. The chapter highlights the Takritians' growing assertiveness that led the community into conflict when they refused to acknowledge the metropolitan of Mosul. It provides a good example of how Mosul's earlier preeminence was challenged by the new economic and political prominence of Takrit.","PeriodicalId":320010,"journal":{"name":"The Imam of the Christians","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129393933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tithes, Authority and Hierarchy, 740–840","authors":"P. Wood","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv18gfz0r.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv18gfz0r.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter identifies three areas in which the infrastructure of church governance changed from 740 to 840. It includes the involvement of the caliphal government in the promotion of bishops, the ratification of patriarchal rights through official diplomas, and patriarchs' use of their ties to the caliph to protect the rights of Christians. It also demonstrates what the greater proximity between the patriarch and the caliph meant for the Jacobite hierarchy, and how the threat of Muslim populations encouraged the Jacobite leadership to act as a service elite for the caliph. The chapter describes the relatively decentralized, rural composition of the Jacobite church, which made it hard for bishops to maintain their prerogatives according to church canons. It mentions that canonists had to condemn the practice of laypeople going to individuals other than bishops for judgement.","PeriodicalId":320010,"journal":{"name":"The Imam of the Christians","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125071124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Patriarchate and Imamate","authors":"P. Wood","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691212791.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691212791.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Dionysius' showpiece, his own account of his encounter with al-Maʾmun. It also recounts Al Maʾmun's threat to reorganize the way in which religious minorities were governed and to allow even very small groups to select their own leaders and representatives to government. It explains that Al Maʾmun's plan was a source of serious concern for a patriarch such as Dionysius, forcing him to make a case to the caliph on why the Christians should not be treated in this manner. The chapter analyzes Dionysius' strategy of arguing that he, like the caliph, was an imam, elected by his people and not chosen by descent like the leaders of the Jews and the Zoroastrians. It reviews Dionysius' claim that the patriarchal leadership was an intrinsic part of Christianity that Muslim rulers were sworn to protect.","PeriodicalId":320010,"journal":{"name":"The Imam of the Christians","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126266701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dionysius and al-Maʾmun","authors":"P. Wood","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691212791.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691212791.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates the political conditions of the civil war between al-Amin and al-Maʾmun, the so-called fourth fitna. It details how Al Maʾmun defeated his brother using troops from Khurasan in the east of the caliphate, noting that the war created further opportunities for easterners under the caliph's patronage. It also shows how Dionysius presented himself as a servant of the caliph and highlights the importance of his alliance to the Khurasanian general ʿAbd Allah ibn Tahir, whose influence enabled Dionysius to overcome his enemies within the church. The chapter considers Dionysius' representation of dhimma, the contract between Muslims as the conquerors and Christians as the conquered. It looks at the criticisms that Dionysius leveled against Muslim troops in Egypt, whom he accused of having transgressed Islamic norms of justice.","PeriodicalId":320010,"journal":{"name":"The Imam of the Christians","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124241156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Worldviews and Communal Boundaries","authors":"P. Wood","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv18gfz0r.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv18gfz0r.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines liturgical commentaries and patriarchal legislation, which are taken for granted in the ecclesiastical and political history of the chronicles. It shows how the liturgy created a self-contained, self-sustaining worldview in households that would have welcomed the church's policing of marriage to outsiders. It also talks about Muslim military success, which was irrelevant to the soteriological purpose of the church and Christian history that was forced to focus on the events of Christ's life. The chapter argues that the legislation of the period reveals the increasing administrative sophistication of the church's revenue raising and its intervention in the arrangement of marriages and betrothals. It suggests that in regions that saw the settlement of powerful, militarized Arab groups, the heads of Christian households would have welcomed the church's policing of marriage to outsiders.","PeriodicalId":320010,"journal":{"name":"The Imam of the Christians","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126681425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Changing Centres of Power","authors":"P. Wood","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691212791.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691212791.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how pre-Islamic elites survived into the ninth century and how ancient claims to ecclesiastical authority came into conflict with the new settlements created by the Arab conquerors of the Middle East. It describes the Kufa and Basra in southern Iraq and Fustat in Egypt as the most famous settlements, which were later joined by smaller centres such as Wasit, Merv, Shiraz, and Mosul. It also mentions conquerors in the amṣār that were paid cash stipends from the revenue generated by taxes, which in turn organized Islamic justice and governance. The chapter identifies three trends in the changing geography of power in the first three centuries of Arab rule in the Middle East. It includes the shift toward a small number of significant cities, the growing centralization of government, and the movement of the centre of power.","PeriodicalId":320010,"journal":{"name":"The Imam of the Christians","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128530526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conceptions of Suryaya Identity in the Sixth to Ninth Centuries","authors":"P. Wood","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv18gfz0r.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv18gfz0r.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with the ways in which Muslim rule changed Jacobite conceptions of the past. It explores Dionysius' innovative discussion of the relationship between language, ethnicity, and ancient history, which was highly influential for his successor Michael the Syrian. It also charts the use of ethnic language in John of Ephesus, the Chronicle of Zuqnin, and Dionysius. The chapter situates their changing usage in the context of immigration by new ethnic groups and the development of a discourse of ethnicity that emphasized kingship. It considers the existence of a second discourse of ethnic prestige, namely scientific achievement, which Dionysius was probably aware of but deliberately avoided because of its pagan connotations.","PeriodicalId":320010,"journal":{"name":"The Imam of the Christians","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123470224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcus Sextus, Le Despotisme terrassé, Hennin, Serment du Jeu de Paume, Isidore-Stanislas Helman, d'après Charles Monnet
{"title":"[Illustrations]","authors":"Marcus Sextus, Le Despotisme terrassé, Hennin, Serment du Jeu de Paume, Isidore-Stanislas Helman, d'après Charles Monnet","doi":"10.1525/9780520959552-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520959552-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":320010,"journal":{"name":"The Imam of the Christians","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126534184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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