{"title":"Diffusion","authors":"H. Schmid","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter discusses the nature of the process of diffusion as a feedback-loop process and explains its contribution to the conventionalization of innovations, to linguistic variation, change, and persistence. The chapter is divided into sections portraying spatial diffusion, social diffusion, and stylistic diffusion as highly dynamic, potentially reversible, and therefore largely unpredictable. Aspects discussed include various models of spatial diffusion (e.g. the gravity model and the cascade model), the S-curve model of the social diffusion of innovations, as well as processes such as standardization, colloquialization, and vernacularization. It is highlighted that all three dimensions of diffusion must always be kept in sight. This is illustrated by discussing the variable -ing vs -in as a standard example of what Labov (2001) calls a ‘stable sociolinguistic variable’.","PeriodicalId":319771,"journal":{"name":"The Dynamics of the Linguistic System","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123067787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Summary of Part II","authors":"H. Schmid","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This short chapter provides a summary of Part II of the book. It highlights the multidimensional contingency of conventionalized utterance types and suggests a pseudo-technical formula for describing how the conventionality of utterance types is a function of onomasiological, semasiological, and syntagmatic conformity within a community depending on cotext and context. In addition, the chapter recapitulates how the conventionalization processes of usualization and diffusion contribute to establishing, sustaining, and adapting conventionalized utterance types. The diverse forms of interaction between the two processes control and modulate to what extent different parts of the linguistic system remain quite uniform and stable or are subject to linguistic variation and change.","PeriodicalId":319771,"journal":{"name":"The Dynamics of the Linguistic System","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126630656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Persistence","authors":"H. Schmid","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model explains the persistence of linguistic structure. Persistence is regarded as an effect of frequent repetition of items with high similarity. An idealized scenario is developed which reflects how the different components can work together to keep certain parts of the linguistic system stable for a long time and comparatively uniform. It is stressed that persistence is not mere lack of change and variation, but particularly intense refreshment in usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment, generally driven by the repetition of highly conventionalized and entrenched utterance types. Forces such as economy, efficiency, solidarity, and power generally tend to support persistence.","PeriodicalId":319771,"journal":{"name":"The Dynamics of the Linguistic System","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131133223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"H. Schmid","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter concludes the book. The distinguishing features of the EC-Model are highlighted, especially those that set it apart from the functionalist usage-based mainstream. An outlook on future work identifies weaknesses of the model that must be redressed in the future and sketches some avenues for future research, e.g. by means of computer simulations. The final section returns to the questions what and where the linguistic system can be found and defines the linguistic system as a multidimensional dynamic contingency space populated by multidimensionally competing co-semiotic potentialities afforded by the interaction of speakers’ usage activities and social and cognitive processes under the influence of a wide range of forces.","PeriodicalId":319771,"journal":{"name":"The Dynamics of the Linguistic System","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117234016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Usualization","authors":"H. Schmid","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter discusses the nature of the process of usualization and explains its contribution to the conventionalization of innovations, to linguistic variation, change, and persistence. The process is explained with reference to Berger and Luckmann’s (1966) constructivist model of the sociology of knowledge. Usualization is responsible for the conventionalization of innovative form-meaning pairings as well as innovative forms and meanings. It is argued that linguistic variation on all dimensions, from form, structure, and meaning to situational, social, and individual variation can be handled by the unified approach suggested by the EC-Model. Usualization is a major factor in types of language change labelled by such terms as grammaticalization, lexicalization, pragmaticalization, idiomatization, and context-induced change. A case study of the development of the going-to future illustrates this potential. Not only variation and change, but also the persistence of structure are dynamic in the sense that it must be refreshed by continual usualization.","PeriodicalId":319771,"journal":{"name":"The Dynamics of the Linguistic System","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122722272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Summary of Part III","authors":"H. Schmid","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"By way of a summary of Part III, this chapter shows how the competitive routinization of the four types of associations brings about what we regard as the structure of language on the cognitive level. In the course of this, the important and pervasive role of paradigmatic associations and their routinization is discussed and three principles related to paradigmatic associations are postulated: the paradigmatic strengthening principle, the paradigmatic extension principle, and the paradigmatic support principle. In line with the feedback-loop idea which lies behind the EC-Model, it is argued that this structure is derived from cognitive principles of associative learning, processing, and representation, but can only serve as a means of communication if it is conventionalized in a speech community, which in turn influences what can become entrenched in the minds of individual speakers.","PeriodicalId":319771,"journal":{"name":"The Dynamics of the Linguistic System","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127207285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Summary of Part I","authors":"H. Schmid","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This short chapter provides a summary of Part I of the book. It emphasizes the claim that all aspects associated with usage events have the potential to become conventionalized and entrenched. These include the forms and meanings of utterances, the interpersonal and cognitive activities involved in their production and comprehension, and the cotextual, contextual, and social characteristics of utterances. The chapter also highlights the special role played by pragmatic associations as mediators between interpersonal and cognitive activities and their conventionalization and entrenchment. Forces affecting usage are portrayed as fairly stable sociopragmatic and emotive principles whose concrete manifestations are, however, subject to change.","PeriodicalId":319771,"journal":{"name":"The Dynamics of the Linguistic System","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115039550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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