{"title":"Improving typeclass relations by being open","authors":"Guido Martínez, Mauro Jaskelioff, G. D. Luca","doi":"10.1145/3242744.3242751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3242744.3242751","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematical concepts such as monads, functors, monoids, and semigroups are expressed in Haskell as typeclasses. Therefore, in order to exploit relations such as “every monad is a functor”, and “every monoid is a semigroup”, we need to be able to also express relations between typeclasses. Currently, the only way to do so is using superclasses. However, superclasses can be problematic due to their closed nature. Adding a superclass implies modifying the subclass’ definition, which is either impossible if one does not own such code, or painful as it requires cascading changes and the introduction of boilerplate throughout the codebase. In this article, we introduce class morphisms, a way to relate classes in an open fashion, without changing class definitions. We show how class morphisms improve the expressivity, conciseness, and maintainability of code. Further, we show how to implement them while maintaining canonicity and coherence, two key properties of the Haskell type system. Extending a typechecker with class morphisms amounts to adding an elaboration phase and is an unintrusive change. We back this claim with a prototype extension of GHC.","PeriodicalId":318201,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Haskell","volume":"315 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128350095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Thoralf plugin: for your fancy type needs","authors":"D. Otwani, R. Eisenberg","doi":"10.1145/3242744.3242754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3242744.3242754","url":null,"abstract":"Many fancy types (e.g., generalized algebraic data types, type families) require a type checker plugin. These fancy types have a type index (e.g., type level natural numbers) with an equality relation that is difficult or impossible to represent using GHC's built-in type equality. The most practical way to represent these equality relations is through a plugin that asserts equality constraints. However, such plugins are difficult to write and reason about. In this paper, we (1) present a formal theory of reasoning about the correctness of type checker plugins for type indices, and, (2) apply this theory in creating Thoralf, a generic and extensible plugin for type indices that translates GHC constraint problems to queries to an external SMT solver. By \"generic and extensible\", we mean the restrictions on extending Thoralf are slight, and, if some type index could be encoded as an SMT sort, then a programmer could extend Thoralf by providing this encoding function.","PeriodicalId":318201,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Haskell","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128536103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Niki Vazou, Joachim Breitner, Rose Kunkel, David Van Horn, G. Hutton
{"title":"Theorem proving for all: equational reasoning in liquid Haskell (functional pearl)","authors":"Niki Vazou, Joachim Breitner, Rose Kunkel, David Van Horn, G. Hutton","doi":"10.1145/3242744.3242756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3242744.3242756","url":null,"abstract":"Equational reasoning is one of the key features of pure functional languages such as Haskell. To date, however, such reasoning always took place externally to Haskell, either manually on paper, or mechanised in a theorem prover. This article shows how equational reasoning can be performed directly and seamlessly within Haskell itself, and be checked using Liquid Haskell. In particular, language learners --- to whom external theorem provers are out of reach --- can benefit from having their proofs mechanically checked. Concretely, we show how the equational proofs and derivations from Graham's textbook can be recast as proofs in Haskell (spoiler: they look essentially the same).","PeriodicalId":318201,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Haskell","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131509810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Branching processes for QuickCheck generators","authors":"Agustín Mista, Alejandro Russo, John Hughes","doi":"10.1145/3242744.3242747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3242744.3242747","url":null,"abstract":"In QuickCheck (or, more generally, random testing), it is challenging to control random data generators' distributions---specially when it comes to user-defined algebraic data types (ADT). In this paper, we adapt results from an area of mathematics known as branching processes, and show how they help to analytically predict (at compile-time) the expected number of generated constructors, even in the presence of mutually recursive or composite ADTs. Using our probabilistic formulas, we design heuristics capable of automatically adjusting probabilities in order to synthesize generators which distributions are aligned with users' demands. We provide a Haskell implementation of our mechanism in a tool called DRaGeN and perform case studies with real-world applications. When generating random values, our synthesized QuickCheck generators show improvements in code coverage when compared with those automatically derived by state-of-the-art tools.","PeriodicalId":318201,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Haskell","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114673532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coherent explicit dictionary application for Haskell","authors":"T. Winant, Dominique Devriese","doi":"10.1145/3242744.3242752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3242744.3242752","url":null,"abstract":"Type classes are one of Haskell's most popular features and extend its type system with ad-hoc polymorphism. Since their conception, there were useful features that could not be offered because of the desire to offer two correctness properties: coherence and global uniqueness of instances. Coherence essentially guarantees that program semantics are independent from type-checker internals. Global uniqueness of instances is relied upon by libraries for enforcing, for example, that a single order relation is used for all manipulations of an ordered binary tree. The features that could not be offered include explicit dictionary application and local instances, which would be highly useful in practice. In this paper, we propose a new design for offering explicit dictionary application, without compromising coherence and global uniqueness. We introduce a novel criterion based on GHC's type argument roles to decide when a dictionary application is safe with respect to global uniqueness of instances. We preserve coherence by detecting potential sources of incoherence, and prove it formally. Moreover, our solution makes it possible to use local dictionaries. In addition to developing our ideas formally, we have implemented a working prototype in GHC.","PeriodicalId":318201,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Haskell","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114278448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Type variables in patterns","authors":"R. Eisenberg, Joachim Breitner, S. Jones","doi":"10.1145/3242744.3242753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3242744.3242753","url":null,"abstract":"For many years, GHC has implemented an extension to Haskell that allows type variables to be bound in type signatures and patterns, and to scope over terms. This extension was never properly specified. We rectify that oversight here. With the formal specification in hand, the otherwise-labyrinthine path toward a design for binding type variables in patterns becomes blindingly clear. We thus extend ScopedTypeVariables to bind type variables explicitly, obviating the Proxy workaround to the dustbin of history.","PeriodicalId":318201,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Haskell","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127762748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A promise checked is a promise kept: inspection testing","authors":"Joachim Breitner","doi":"10.1145/3242744.3242748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3242744.3242748","url":null,"abstract":"Occasionally, developers need to ensure that the compiler treats their code in a specific way that is only visible by inspecting intermediate or final compilation artifacts. This is particularly common with carefully crafted compositional libraries, where certain usage patterns are expected to trigger an intricate sequence of compiler optimizations – stream fusion is a well-known example. The developer of such a library has to manually inspect build artifacts and check for the expected properties. Because this is too tedious to do often, it will likely go unnoticed if the property is broken by a change to the library code, its dependencies or the compiler. The lack of automation has led to released versions of such libraries breaking their documented promises. This indicates that there is an unrecognized need for a new testing paradigm, inspection testing, where the programmer declaratively describes non-functional properties of an compilation artifact and the compiler checks these properties. We define inspection testing abstractly, implement it in the context of the Haskell Compiler GHC and show that it increases the quality of such libraries.","PeriodicalId":318201,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Haskell","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121949651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}