Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products最新文献

The Impact of Redistillation Temperature using Rotary Vacuum Evaporator on the Quality of Aceh Patchouli Oil 旋转真空蒸发器再蒸馏温度对亚齐广藿香油质量的影响

Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.28817

Z. Munanda, Z. Mahyiddin, Syaifullah Muhammad, I. Machdar, Zaudatul Ulya

{"title":"The Impact of Redistillation Temperature using Rotary Vacuum Evaporator on the Quality of Aceh Patchouli Oil","authors":"Z. Munanda, Z. Mahyiddin, Syaifullah Muhammad, I. Machdar, Zaudatul Ulya","doi":"10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.28817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.28817","url":null,"abstract":"Patchouli oil is one of the most important essential oil commodities in Indonesia. At present the Special Region of Aceh, especially Aceh Jaya, Gayo, West Aceh, South and Southeast Aceh, is still the largest patchouli plant centre in Indonesia. So that many Aceh patchouli artisans sell their patchouli products to industries. However, there are several obstacles in this industry that cause the prices of patchouli oil products to become unstable and reduce the competitiveness of the national patchouli oil industry. One innovation that can be done to improve competitiveness is to make isolate products from patchouli oil which has a high selling value, namely patchouli alcohol (PA). PA isolation from patchouli oil can be done by a combination of vacuum distillation. In this study begins with a vacuum distillation process of patchouli oil. Patchouli oil used is taken from sources refined by Aceh farmers. Variable is refining temperature. The distillation temperature is set at 120, 125, 130, 135, 145, 155, 165, and 175 oC. Patchouli oil was analysed with patchouli alcohol, specific gravity, refractive index and acid number. The results showed that the value of patchouli oil refractive index increased from 1.507 to 1.512; density increased to 1.005 g/ml; acid number increased slightly from 5.5 to 5.8; and patchouli alcohol increased from 34% to 65.9%.","PeriodicalId":316028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133358370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Patchouli Oil Innovation in Making Peel-Off Masks to Inhibit Acne Bacteria 广藿香油在剥脱式面膜中的创新作用:抑制痤疮细菌

Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.28823

E. Sufriadi, Tiara Novebrina, Syaifullah Muhammad, M. Dirhamsyah

引用次数: 0

Innovation of Aromatherapy Product using Aceh Essential Oil 使用亚齐精油的芳香疗法产品创新

Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.28502

Syaifullah Muhammad, M. Dirhamsyah, E. Ernawati, R. D. Lufika, Sabrina Khairunnisa, Nanda Funna Ledita

{"title":"Innovation of Aromatherapy Product using Aceh Essential Oil","authors":"Syaifullah Muhammad, M. Dirhamsyah, E. Ernawati, R. D. Lufika, Sabrina Khairunnisa, Nanda Funna Ledita","doi":"10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.28502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.28502","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, many Indonesian people return to various traditional medicinal plants to cure various diseases. This is due to the development of various sciences and technology, one of which is in the Atsiri field. Essential oils are often used as aromatherapy because they can foster a feeling of calm and can keep away from feelings of anxiety and restlessness. The use of essential oils from spices is a suitable choice of innovation in today's modern world of health. The purpose of this research is to make aromatherapy products using high-grade patchouli oil and essential oils of Acehnese spices that are efficacious for treating various diseases. The ingredients used in the manufacture of this product are high-grade patchouli oil, cajuput oil, nutmeg oil, cinnamon oil, clove bud oil, menthol, champers, and carrier oil. The research stage was started by developing the aromatherapy formulas, establishing the working procedures, and conducting quality testing. This spice aromatherapy product was tested on 25 respondents to determine its effectiveness on health. The results show that 68% respondents agree that spice aromatherapy products can affect body relaxation and 55% agree that they can improve sleep quality. As many as 88% of respondents agree that spice aromatherapy is effective for reducing headaches and catching colds and 84% of respondents agree that this product has an effect on relieving breathing. The results also show that all respondents agree that this product has a unique and classic aroma. However, there are some respondents (28%) who do not like this scent, while 72% really like it. These results show that spice aromatherapy products still need to be formulated to get other aroma variants to provide an alternative for consumers who do not like the strong aroma of spices.","PeriodicalId":316028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122854134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Making Aromatherapy Candles with Natural Ingredients from Essential Oils and Soybean Oil 用精油和大豆油的天然成分制作香薰蜡烛

Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.28501

Syaifullah Muhammad, M. Dirhamsyah, E. Ernawati, R. D. Lufika, Sabrina Khairunnisa, Nanda Funna Ledita

{"title":"Making Aromatherapy Candles with Natural Ingredients from Essential Oils and Soybean Oil","authors":"Syaifullah Muhammad, M. Dirhamsyah, E. Ernawati, R. D. Lufika, Sabrina Khairunnisa, Nanda Funna Ledita","doi":"10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.28501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.28501","url":null,"abstract":"Relaxation is considered as a process that relieves stress on your mind and body. At the present, there are many different forms of relaxation and aromatherapy. One of the important products to be developed further is aromatherapy candles. However, candles on the market generally still use materials that are not environmentally friendly such as paraffin. So this study aims to making aromatherapy candle using natural ingredients from essential oils and soybean oil. Soybean oil (Soy wax) is a potential substitute for paraffin which is biodegradable, renewable and friendly environment. This study also uses patchouli oil, peppermint oil and lemon oil which have benefits for anti-depressant, relieve pain and for immune system. The aromatherapy candle materials consist of : soy wax, essential oils, dyes, candle wick and candle glass. The research stage was started by developing the aromatherapy candle formulas, establishing the working procedures, and conducting quality testing, involve test the preference for the smell of candles before and after burning, burn time test, test for the overall appearance of the candle, visual test colour preferences and therapeutic effect. The research revealed that the aromatherapy candle 1) 73,3% respondent agree the aroma of the candle more preferable when the candle was burned compared to unburned candle; 2) have burn time ranged from 8 hours 14 minutes to 10 hours 20 minutes; 3) 93.3% of respondents like and really like the texture and visual of the candle, based on SNI 0386-1989-A/II 0348-1980, the physical condition of a good candle is to have the same and even colour, not cracked, not deformed and not broken; 4) 80% respondent like and really like the colour of the candle; 5) 93.3% respondent agree and strongly agree that the aroma of candles has a good therapeutic effect for provide a calm, comfortable effect and can improve mood.","PeriodicalId":316028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124563850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Vacuum Distillation of Aceh Patchouli Oil into Hi-Grade and Crystal Patchouli with Rotary Vacuum Evaporator 旋转真空蒸发器真空蒸馏亚齐广藿香油制取高阶广藿香和结晶广藿香

Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products Pub Date : 2022-12-24 DOI: 10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.25408

Syaifullah Muhammad, H. Hisbullah, Julia Rahmi, Fatwa Namora Ritonga, V. Prajaputra

{"title":"Vacuum Distillation of Aceh Patchouli Oil into Hi-Grade and Crystal Patchouli with Rotary Vacuum Evaporator","authors":"Syaifullah Muhammad, H. Hisbullah, Julia Rahmi, Fatwa Namora Ritonga, V. Prajaputra","doi":"10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.25408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.25408","url":null,"abstract":"Patchouli or Pogostemon cablin benth is one of the most important essential oil-producing plants in Indonesia. In the world of trade, patchouli oil is widely used as raw material, a mixing agent, and a fixative. Patchouli oil can be upgraded to Hi-Grade Patchouli (HGP) with a Patchouli alcohol (PA) content of 40-80% through vacuum distillation technology. Furthermore, HGP can be further processed into crystal patchouli with a purity of up to 90-100%. This study aims to improve the quality of patchouli oil produced by the community. This study examines the effect of variations in vacuum pressure on the distillation process on the quality of the resulting patchouli oil, determines the impact of cooling temperature variations on the resulting crystal mass, and determines the crystal quality (patchouli alcohol content and crystal size). The method used was vacuum redistillation followed by crystallization of patchouli oil. In the redistillation stage, it is carried out using a rotary vacuum evaporator. Redistillation is conducted in two stages: the first is to produce a light fraction at a temperature of 125 ℃, and the second is to produce a heavy fraction at a temperature of 140 ℃. The variable that was varied was process pressure. The pressure used is 1; 2-3; 6-8 and 10-12 mbar. The process is continued with crystallization using the cooling method (cooling crystallization) with a cooling temperature variation of -12 ℃ and -15 ℃. The results showed that through the vacuum redistillation method, the quality of patchouli oil produced by the community could be increased in PA levels up to 81.79%. The lower the operating pressure, the highest the quality of patchouli oil is produced. The lower the crystallization cooling temperature, the more crystal mass is formed. The crystal purity of this HGP resulted in very high levels of crystalline PA, namely 99.6%. The crystal size obtained is 290-600 μm on average.","PeriodicalId":316028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products","volume":"194-199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130699349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

A Study of Essential Oils from Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and Its Potential as an Antivirus Agent to Relieve Symptoms of COVID-19 广藿香精油及其作为抗病毒剂缓解COVID-19症状的潜力研究

Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.23763

Nadia Isnaini, K. Khairan, Meutia Faradhilla, E. Sufriadi, V. Prajaputra, B. Ginting, Syaifullah Muhammad, R. D. Lufika

{"title":"A Study of Essential Oils from Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and Its Potential as an Antivirus Agent to Relieve Symptoms of COVID-19","authors":"Nadia Isnaini, K. Khairan, Meutia Faradhilla, E. Sufriadi, V. Prajaputra, B. Ginting, Syaifullah Muhammad, R. D. Lufika","doi":"10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.23763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/jpeop.v1i2.23763","url":null,"abstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new type of virus that attacks the respiratory system and has caused the global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some persons who are infected with this virus develop symptoms ranging from a typical cold to fever to more severe illnesses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is being actively researched but will likely take more than a year to become available to the general public. As a result, numerous researchers are actively extracting the components of active chemicals in herbal plants with antiviral potentials, such as patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.). Patchouli essential oil, found in this Lamiaceae plant, has a wide range of effects, including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and aromatherapy. More than 140 chemicals have been isolated and identified from the patchouli plant, including terpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, organic acids, lignins, alkaloids, glycosides, alcohols, and aldehydes. Patchouli essential oil is mainly composed of sesquiterpene molecules, most of which are patchouli alcohol. Essential oils derived from herbal plant extracts have also been shown to be potent antiviral agents against various viruses. The efficacy of patchouli essential oil, as well as its potential as an antiviral agent to treat SARSCoV-2, will be investigated in this review.","PeriodicalId":316028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122428672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Sunscreen Innovation Using Aceh Patchouli Oil Extraction 使用亚齐广藿香油提取的创新防晒霜

Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.24815/jpeop.v1i1.23746

E. Sufriadi, Suraiya Kamaruzzaman, Putri Athaya Maulida, Ismi Zatya, I. Savira, Z. Zulfahmi, F. Erwan

{"title":"Sunscreen Innovation Using Aceh Patchouli Oil Extraction","authors":"E. Sufriadi, Suraiya Kamaruzzaman, Putri Athaya Maulida, Ismi Zatya, I. Savira, Z. Zulfahmi, F. Erwan","doi":"10.24815/jpeop.v1i1.23746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/jpeop.v1i1.23746","url":null,"abstract":"Sunscreen aims to protect the skin from direct sun exposure. This cosmetic product is included in the type of cream. Sunscreen is made from patchouli oil as the main ingredient. The ingredients used in making the sunscreen in each package contain Niacinamide, Avobenzone, Patchouli Oil, Emulgade SE-PE, Cutina GMS SE, Isopropyl Myristate, Dimethicone, Cetiol CC, Glycerin, Phenoxyethanol, Disodium EDTA, and Aquades (ionize water). The tools used are hot plates, scales, magnetic stirrer, stirring spoons, measuring cups, baking glasses, and pipettes. This sunscreen production method is divided into two phases, namely phase A and phase B. In phase A Niacinamide and Avobenzone are mixed at a speed of 2500 rpm, Temperature 70o C for 15 minutes. In phase B, Phenoxyethanol, Disodium EDTA, and Aquades were mixed at a speed of 2500 rpm, a temperature of 70o C for 15 minutes. The next step is that the two phases are mixed at a speed of 1000 rpm, a temperature of 40o C for 10 minutes until homogeneous, then packaged. The results of the research will be carried out by laboratory tests. The indicators to be tested are organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, cream irritation test and photoprotector activity test. The results of each organoleptic test of sunscreen were white, soft texture, patchouli oil aroma, stickiness on the skin was classified as sticky. Homogeneity test showed homogeneous sunscreen, the test was carried out using glass preparations. A certain amount of cream is applied to the slide and visually observed. This test was repeated three times. The cream pH test was carried out using a pH meter, carried out with a number of creams dissolved in aquades and dipped in a pH measuring instrument. Based on the irritation test, sunscreen does not cause irritation. The test was carried out in vivo, the cream was applied to the back of the hand repeatedly for 3 days to 10 respondents aged 19-22 years.","PeriodicalId":316028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125137585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Design of Lip Moisturizer as a Patchouli-Based Innovation Product 广藿香唇霜创新产品的实验设计

Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.24815/jpeop.v1i1.23748

F. Erwan, Syaifullah Muhammad, R. D. Lufika, Eva Oktaviana, Nadiatul Azizah, Elza Badriati Miftah, Fathan Mubin, Luthfiah Zahra Larosa, S. Hajar

{"title":"Experimental Design of Lip Moisturizer as a Patchouli-Based Innovation Product","authors":"F. Erwan, Syaifullah Muhammad, R. D. Lufika, Eva Oktaviana, Nadiatul Azizah, Elza Badriati Miftah, Fathan Mubin, Luthfiah Zahra Larosa, S. Hajar","doi":"10.24815/jpeop.v1i1.23748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/jpeop.v1i1.23748","url":null,"abstract":"Patchouli oil, a type of essential oil, is one of Indonesian’s non-oil and gas export commodities accounted for one of the sources of Indonesian foreign exchange. Patchouli alcohol is commonly used in the cosmetic and perfume industries as well as the fragrance ingredient in the household products, one of which is used in lip moisturizer product. Lip moisturizer is a cosmetic product that was created with the similar essence of lipstick saves for its colorless in nature hence the translucent appearance. As a moisturizer, lip moisturizer can be used to moisturize the lips to avoid dry and chapped lips. Producing lip moisturizer involves four steps of formulation, which are mixing the solid components, mixing the liquid components, mixing of both the solid and liquid components, and adding the active substances and the patchouli oil. The study conducted two times of experiment, and it can be concluded that the second experiment can be used for lip skin. The execution of the test was based on the stability and homogeneity tests that meet the terms and conditions that have been set.","PeriodicalId":316028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121786828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of intercropping and different dose of goat manure application on growth of Pogestemon cablin Benth 套作与施用不同剂量羊粪对洋槐生长的影响

Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.24815/jpeop.v1i1.23745

Rivan Rinaldi, I. Indra, M. Syaifullah, R. Sriwati, Bob Douma, Z. Zulfahrizal, Ulfa Hansri Ar Rasyid

{"title":"The effect of intercropping and different dose of goat manure application on growth of Pogestemon cablin Benth","authors":"Rivan Rinaldi, I. Indra, M. Syaifullah, R. Sriwati, Bob Douma, Z. Zulfahrizal, Ulfa Hansri Ar Rasyid","doi":"10.24815/jpeop.v1i1.23745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/jpeop.v1i1.23745","url":null,"abstract":"Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) is a perennial aromatic crop that can produceessential oil which is generally used as a mixture of ingredients for making cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and aromatherapy which functions as a binder/fixative agent and pharmaceuticals. Although the production of patchouli increases year to year, the productivity per hectare of this plant showed a decreasing pattern. Efforts are needed to increase the productivity of patchouli, such as improving seeds quality and applying best management practices in planting. This study aimed to examine the optimum application of manure doses and intercropping practice on maximum growth of patchouli at first and two months after planting. The RCD (Randomize Complete Design) was conducted by using a cropping system and the application of goat manure in different doses. There were two levels of the cropping system: monocropping and intercropping with mung beans (Phaseolus radiatus) and four-level of manure in different doses were applied, 0 g, 500 g, 1000 g and 2000 g. ANOVA analysis shows that no interaction between cropping system and manure application on the growth of patchouli. All variables of patchouli growth in monocropping are better than in intercropping at two months after transplanting. Furthermore, there was no effect of manure application on canopy width, fresh and dry biomass of patchouli. The effect is only found on plant height and tree basal diameter, while without manure application and 500 g application is greater than 1000 g and 2000 g of manure application. ","PeriodicalId":316028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124041113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of Physical Quality of Patchouli Oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) Body Butter Formulation 广藿香精油(Pogostemon cablin Benth.)物理品质评价身体乳配方

Journal of Patchouli and Essential Oil Products Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.24815/jpeop.v1i1.23762

Nadia Isnaini, K. Khairan, Meutia Faradhilla, E. Sufriadi, B. Ginting, V. Prajaputra, F. Erwan, R. D. Lufika, Syaifullah Muhammad

引用次数: 2