Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal最新文献

{"title":"One Plus One Equals Two: More or Less","authors":"Tobias F. Rötheli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3760625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3760625","url":null,"abstract":"This note discusses a range of cases where the proposition that one plus one is more or less than two makes sense. Simple examples from the natural world indicate that interaction (reproduction and predator-prey interaction) between addable units can change their sum. A case drawn from commerce documents an example for many similar circumstances where units have more than one dimension. The logical ambiguities described here can hamper human communications and are thus of interest for behavioral studies.","PeriodicalId":314850,"journal":{"name":"Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129366138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behaviors of Professional Athletes in Terms of the Big Five Model Due to the Type of Contact of the Sport Discipline","authors":"Paweł Piepiora","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3459647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3459647","url":null,"abstract":"Sports disciplines can be divided due to the type of contact allowed with the opponent. We distinguish disciplines with direct and indirect contact as well as non-contact disciplines. The intention of this study was to check if the behavior of professional athletes is determined by the type of contact of sports disciplines. 180 competitive athletes from six sport disciplines, i.e. luge, tennis, wrestling, team mountaineering, volleyball and rugby, were purposefully selected for the study. The research method used was the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory. It was shown that specific samples - lugers, team mountaineers and rugbists are characterized by low neuroticism in relation to tennis players, wrestlers and volleyball players. Athletes of non-contact disciplines stand out by low neuroticism in relation athletes of indirect and direct contact disciplines. Team athletes are distinguished by low neuroticism in relation to individual athletes. On this basis, the following conclusions were made. The behavior of athletes depends on the type of contact of the sport discipline. Behavioral profiles are specific to the requirements of a given sport discipline and are consistent with the average profile of behavior of all athletes, characterized by high conscientiousness and extraversion, average openness to experience and agreeableness. The indicator differentiating the behavior of athletes due to the type of contact of the sport discipline is neuroticism.","PeriodicalId":314850,"journal":{"name":"Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134154292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical Values and Meta-Ethical Beliefs Guide Deference to Experts","authors":"S. Johnson, Max Rodrigues, D. Tuckett","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3214001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3214001","url":null,"abstract":"In a crowded marketplace, consumers must often defer to external knowledge sources, such as user testimonials or professional reviewers. How do consumers choose which experts to rely on? Across three studies, we find that consumers are likelier to rely on product reviews written by reviewers who share their moral values. This was true for different product categories including books (Study 1A) and consumer electronics (Study 1B), and generalized across a variety of measures, including purchase intentions, product attitudes, information-seeking, willingness-to-pay, and consequential choices. This effect occurred because people often believe moral values to be objectively true or false, and thus shared moral values signaled expert competence (Study 2), especially among consumers with more objectivist meta-ethical beliefs (Study 3). This mechanism held up when competed against various alternative mediators, including trust and shared personality, preferences, and social group. We discuss implications for research on persuasion, expert detection, ideology, and moral judgment.","PeriodicalId":314850,"journal":{"name":"Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127168479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biologists' Consensus on 'When Life Begins'","authors":"S. Jacobs","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3211703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3211703","url":null,"abstract":"Many Americans disagree on ‘When does a human’s life begin?’ because the question is subject to interpretive ambiguity arising from Hume’s is-ought problem. There are two distinct interpretations of the question: descriptive (i.e., ‘When is a fetus classified as a human?’) and normative (i.e., ‘When ought a fetus be worthy of ethical and legal consideration?’). To determine if one view is more prevalent today, 2,899 American adults were surveyed and asked to select the group most qualified to answer the question of when a human’s life begins. The majority selected biologists (81%), which suggested Americans primarily hold a descriptive view. Indeed, the majority justified their selection by describing biologists as objective scientists that can use their biological expertise to determine when a human's life begins. Academic biologists were recruited to participate in a study on their descriptive view of when life begins. A sample of 5,502 biologists from 1,058 academic institutions assessed statements representing the biological view ‘a human’s life begins at fertilization’. This view was used because previous polls and surveys suggest many Americans and medical experts hold this view. Each of the three statements representing that view was affirmed by a consensus of biologists (75-91%). The participants were separated into 60 groups and each statement was affirmed by a consensus of each group, including biologists that identified as very pro-choice (69-90%), very pro-life (92-97%), very liberal (70-91%), very conservative (94-96%), strong Democrats (74-91%), and strong Republicans (89-94%). Overall, 95% of all biologists affirmed the biological view that a human's life begins at fertilization (5212 out of 5502). Historically, the descriptive view on when life begins has dictated the normative view that drives America's abortion laws: (1) abortion was illegal at ‘quickening’ under 18th century common law, (2) abortion was illegal at ‘conception’ in state laws from the late 1800’s to the mid-1900’s, and (3) abortion is currently legal before ‘viability’ due to 20th century U.S. Supreme Court cases Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. While this article’s findings suggest a fetus is biologically classified as a human at fertilization, this descriptive view does not entail the normative view that fetuses deserve legal consideration throughout pregnancy. Contemporary ethical and legal concepts that motivate reproductive rights might cause Americans to disregard the descriptive view or disentangle it from the normative view. However, these findings can help Americans move past the factual dispute on when life begins and focus on the operative question of when a fetus deserves legal consideration.","PeriodicalId":314850,"journal":{"name":"Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115792735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Versus Moral Preferences in the Ultimatum Game: A Theoretical Model and an Experiment","authors":"V. Capraro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3155257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3155257","url":null,"abstract":"In the Ultimatum Game (UG) one player, named “proposer”, has to decide how to allocate a certain amount of money between herself and a “responder”. If the offer is greater than or equal to the responder’s minimum acceptable offer (MAO), then the money is split as proposed, otherwise, neither the proposer nor the responder get anything. The UG has intrigued generations of behavioral scientists because people in experiments blatantly violate the equilibrium predictions that self-interested proposers offer the minimum available non-zero amount, and self-interested responders accept. Why are these predictions violated? Previous research has mainly focused on the role of social preferences. Little is known about the role of general moral preferences for doing the right thing, preferences that have been shown to play a major role in other social interactions (e.g., Dictator Game and Prisoner’s Dilemma). Here I develop a theoretical model and an experiment designed to pit social preferences against moral preferences. I find that, although people recognize that offering half and rejecting low offers are the morally right things to do, moral preferences have no causal impact on UG behavior. The experimental data are indeed well fit by a model according to which: (i) high UG offers are motivated by inequity aversion and, to a lesser extent, self-interest; (ii) high MAOs are motivated by inequity aversion.","PeriodicalId":314850,"journal":{"name":"Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129342495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a Better Understanding of the Cortical Function: Entrained Language Decoding and Functional Grammar","authors":"F. Rocha, A. D. da Rocha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3134495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3134495","url":null,"abstract":"The use of speech for organizing collective activity is the hall mark of our species. From this communicative point of view, the speaker's brain activity has to modulate that of the listener, what requires the sound the speaker produces to synchronize listener's brain activity. Linguists distinguish language communicative structure from regular grammar when analyzing language in the context of information transmission. Functional Grammar (FG) proposes that the communicative structure of any sentence combines a topic - is what is being talked about, to a comment- what is being said about the topic. The purpose of the present paper is to study the entrainment of listener's brain activity to the sound packs of a recorded text, taking into account FG rules. For such a purpose, we recorded the electroencephalogram of 20 (10 males and 10 females) individuals while they were listening to the text and used Event Related Activity technique to related this entrained activity to text decoding according FG rules. Results revealed an almost perfect entrainment of EEG activity triggered by the listened utterances that nicely correlates to text FG structure. This cortical entrainment supports the proposal that a Cortical Oscillatory Modular Processing (COMP) is in charge of handling human cognition. This is one of three papers exploring this idea.","PeriodicalId":314850,"journal":{"name":"Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134049743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a Better Understanding of the Cortical Function: Entrained Periodical Modular Language Decoding","authors":"A. D. da Rocha, F. Rocha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3134468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3134468","url":null,"abstract":"The use of speech for organizing collective activity is the hallmark of our species. For such a purpose, the speaker’s brain activity have to modulate that of the listener, what requires the sound the speaker produces to synchronize listener's brain activity. Recent results reported in the literature show that speech production and decoding result from a Cortical Oscillatory Modular Processing (COMP). In this context, speech comprehension depends on how speaker’s COMPs produce a modular organized speech to entrain listener’s COMP speech decoding. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate this process by analyzing the EEG recorded during a text listening. The sentences of this text were composed by 5 clauses of 2 seconds duration each. Event Related Activity (ERA) technique, Polynomial Regression, Spectral and LORETA analyses were used to identify the different COMP components, to study the cortical oscillatory activity supporting this processing and to try to localize the sources of these oscillations. ERA and Polynomial analyses show that clause decoding correlates to identified COMPs that are composed by several different cyclic components. Spectral and LORETA analyses revealed that three components are generated by different time locking oscillatory activities recorded at many different and widely distributed cortical areas. A model to reconstruct the EEG from these identified cyclic components is proposed and shown to statistically mimic the recorded cortical activity. Based on all these results, a hypothesis for linking speech decoding and cyclic COMP activity is presented and discussed. This is one of three paper exploring this idea.","PeriodicalId":314850,"journal":{"name":"Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128102855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on Temperament Dimensions Among Twins in Two Cultural Zones in Haryana","authors":"R. Devi, Bimladhanda, P. Rani","doi":"10.24247/ijeefusfeb20182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24247/ijeefusfeb20182","url":null,"abstract":"The study was to assess the temperament of twins in the age group of 4-10 years. The present study was conducted in four districts namely; Hisar Fatehabad, Rohtak and Jind of Haryana state with the purpose of availability of maximum numbers of twins in the required age group of 4-10 years identified under UGC project of the department. A sample of 200 pairs of twins in the age groups of 4-10 years were shorted out from already identified twins from two cultural zones. Child’s temperament was assessed with the help of Malhotra’s Temperament Schedule (MTS, 1988). Result revealed that khaddar zone respondents were better in response of temperament dimensions as compare to bagar zone respondents.","PeriodicalId":314850,"journal":{"name":"Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121087998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swarm Intelligence in Humans: A Perspective of Emergent Evolution","authors":"Yong Tao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3060572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3060572","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The origin of intelligence has fascinated scientists for a long time. Over the past 100 years, many scholars have observed the connection between entropy and intelligence. In the present study, we investigated a potential origin of the swarm intelligence in humans. The present study shows that a competitive economy consisting of a large number of self-interested agents can be mapped to a Boltzmann-like system, where entropy and energy play roles of swarm intelligence and income, respectively. However, different from the physical entropy in the Boltzmann system, the entropy (or swarm intelligence) in the economic system is a self-referential variable, which may be a key characteristic for distinguishing between biological and physical systems. Furthermore, we employ the household income data from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR to test the validity of the Boltzmann-like distribution. Remarkably, the empirical data are perfectly consistent with the theoretical results. This finding implies that the competitive behaviors among a colony of self-interested agents will spontaneously prompt the colony to evolve to a state of higher technological level, although each agent has no willingness to evolve.","PeriodicalId":314850,"journal":{"name":"Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122227142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generating Timed Artificial Dream Action (TADA) as the Inverse Process of Freud's Interpretation of Dreams","authors":"M. El-Dosuky","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3022999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3022999","url":null,"abstract":"Apart from being an audacious attempt and a masterpiece, Freud's Interpretation of Dreams has provoked controversy since its publication. After the neurological linkage between Rapid Eye Movement(REM) sleep and dreams, many hypotheses are proposed focusing on REM or its accompanied dreams. This paper reviews recent discoveries regarding the neuro-cognitive aspects of sleep, dreaming, and emotions as a dream ingredient. This paper assumes that a dream content is decomposable into a sequence of Timed Artificial Dream Actions (TADAs) and that dream interpretation resembles the ability of an expert system explaining HOW and WHY questions. Freud tried to answer WHY each dream ingredient is being incorporated. The inverse of this process is to answer HOW a TADA is formed, and it is the concern of this paper. Based on dream-contents, an operational model for dream ingredients is proposed. The proposed TADA generator, nicknamed Oneiros, is decomposed into three modules Morpheus, Phantasos and Phobetor. Morpheus is responsible for the lexical processing of memory contents, in order to perform tasks such as extracting objects, emotions associated with objects, and any object alterations. Phobetor is responsible for extracting viewer emotions, and phobetic-specific aspects. Phantasos is responsible for the actual generation of a TADA.","PeriodicalId":314850,"journal":{"name":"Biology & Cognitive Science eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130247056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}